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PD Block I > Vital Signs > Flashcards

Vital Signs Flashcards

1
Q

in addition to counting HR, what other factors should be evaluated when recording HR?

A

rhythm, regularity (regularly irregular vs. irregularly irregular), amplitude

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2
Q

in addition to counting RR, what other factors should be evaluated when recording RR?

A

pattern, depth, signs of distress

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3
Q

what is the formula for BMI?

A

weight/height^2

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4
Q

list the ideal conditions for evaluating BP

A
  1. no caffeine or nicotine w/i 30 min.
  2. resting for 5 min
  3. quiet, warm room
  4. no tight clothing over arm
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5
Q

what normal is the normal BP variability between each arm, why is there variability?

A

5-10mmHg, because one arm may have more muscles (handedness)

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6
Q

what does BP measure?

A

peripheral measure of CV function, measures force exerted against walls of arteries

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7
Q

what part of the stethoscope is used for auscultating BP?

A

bell (low-pitched sounds)

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8
Q

what are Korotkoff sounds?

A

low-pitched sounds produced by turbulence of blood on the artery wall

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9
Q

what structure regulates body temp?

A

hypothalamus

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10
Q

pyrexia

A

fever

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11
Q

describe the process of elevated temp during fever

A

microorganisms invade body, endogenous pyrogens are released and travel to hypothalamus, hypothalamus initiates pyrexia by producing and releasing prostaglandins

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12
Q

how does body cooling occur?

A

via vasodilation. this increases heat loss through skin and evaporation of perspiration

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13
Q

what is hypothermia

A

when your body losses heat faster than it can produce heat. body temp

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14
Q

what is hyperthermia

A

when your body produces heat faster than it can cool itself

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15
Q

F to C conversion

A

F = (9/5) C + 32

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16
Q

what 5 factors determine body heat loss?

A
  1. radiation: heat given off to surrounding atmosphere
  2. conduction: movement of heat from one solid to another during contact
  3. vaporization: heat lost during evaporation of sweat
  4. respiration: heat lost to environment during breathing
  5. convection: mass movement of air or liquid
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17
Q

what are 5 factors that affect body temp?

A
  1. metabolic processes (sleep, digestion, exercise)
  2. infectious processes (fever)
  3. environmental factors
  4. ingestion of exogenous substances (cold or hot bevs, drugs)
  5. body heat loss
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18
Q

what is the threshold of fever in children

A

rectal >=100.5F/38C

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19
Q

pulse rhythm

A

regular or irregular?

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20
Q

pulse deficit

A

difference between apical and radial pulses, requires two people, one to listen to each pulse, may indicate irregular cardiac output if different

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21
Q

apical pulse

A

pulse at the apex (inferior portion) of the heart, each pulse is combo of S1 and S2

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22
Q

pulse regularity

A

if rhythm is irregular is it irregularly irregular or regularly regular?

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23
Q

pulse amplitude

A

force with which bolus of blood moves through the artery

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24
Q

what is the scaling of pulse amplitude?

A 
4+ bounding
3+ full, increase
2+ expected/normal
1+ diminished, barely palpable
0 absent, not palpable
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25
Q

pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic pressures (should be between 30-50mmHg)

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26
Q

pulsus paradoxus

A

premature cardiac contraction, abnormally exaggerated decrease (>10mmHg) in the amplitude of pulsation during inspiration and increase amplitude during expiration. indication of disease (e.g tracheobronchial obstruction, bronchial asthma, emphysema, pericardial effusion, constrictive pericarditis)

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27
Q

systole

A

S1, when the ventricles are at maximal contraction (lub)

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28
Q

diastole

A

S2, when ventricles are at maximal relaxation (dub)

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29
Q

systolic pressure

A

maximum pressure on artery during LV contraction

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30
Q

diastolic pressure

A

pressure exerted by blood consistently between each contraction

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31
Q

typical resting pulse for adult

A

60-90 BPM

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32
Q

what are 5 factors that affect pulse rate?

A
  1. heart health
  2. neurologic status
  3. emotions
  4. drugs
  5. activity level
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33
Q

define tachycardia

A

> 100 BPM

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34
Q

define elevated pulse

A

90-99BPM

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35
Q

define bradycardia

A
36
Q

define a bounding pulse

A

hyperkinetic or strong pulse, does not “fade out”, documented as a 3+, 4+ in terms of pulse amplitude

37
Q

diaphargmatic respiration

A

occurs when diaphragm is contracted (eupnea)

38
Q

abdominal respiration

A

same as diaphragmatic, occurs when diaphragm is contracted, expansion of the abdomen, rather than chest

39
Q

thoracic respiration

A

achieved using intercostal muscles, breathing into the chest

40
Q

hyperapnea

A

increase rate, increased depth

41
Q

apnea

A

absence of respiration

42
Q

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

A

periodic breathing, increased AND decreased rate and depth with periods of apnea. brain damage, drug-induced respiratory compromise

43
Q

tachypnea

A

persistant RR >20/min

44
Q

bradypnea

A

RR>12

45
Q

hyperventilation

A

can be due to tachyapnea or hyperpnea (increased rate, increased depth)

46
Q

hypopnea

A

abnormal, shallow respirations

47
Q

paradoxic breathing

A

lower thorax is drawn in during inspiration, lower thorax is let out during expiration (may occur w/ negative intrathoracic pressure, or in the event of upper airway obstruction)

48
Q

Kussmaul breathing

A

deep, labored, rapid breathing, type of hyperpnea, associated with metabolic acidosis

49
Q

what type of breathing is associated with metabolic acidosis?

A

Kussmaul breathing

50
Q

what is the normal range of respiration in adults

A

12-20/min

51
Q

what is tripoding?

A

triangular seating associated with respiratory distress

52
Q

list 5 indications of respiratory distress

A
  1. accessory muscle use
  2. nasal flaring
  3. difficulty speaking
  4. audible breathing
  5. diaphroresis
53
Q

what does BP measure?

A

peripheral CV function

54
Q

systole

A

S1, lub, ventricles at max contraction

55
Q

diastole

A

S2, dub, ventricles relaxed

56
Q

stroke volume

A

amount of blood pumped out of the LV with each contraction (about 2/3 of total blood in ventricle)

57
Q

what are the 5 factors that contribute to BP?

A
  1. stroke volume
  2. HR
  3. peripheral vascular resistance
  4. vessel diameter and length
  5. blood viscosity
58
Q

cardiac output

A

stroke volume x HR

59
Q

what is the range of prehypertension?

A

120-139/80-89

60
Q

what defines hypertension for adults

A

> 140/90, HOWEVER, you don’t initiated Tx until 150/90 unless the patient has diabetes, then it’s 150/90

61
Q

what defines hypertension for adults >60?

A

> 150/90

62
Q

peripheral vascular resistance

A

resistance of vessel walls to expansion by blood

63
Q

auscultatory gap

A

period of silence (10-15mmHg) between hearing Korotkoff sounds. if neglected could artificially lower systolic and increase diastolic reading

64
Q

orthostatic BP measurement

A
  1. supine for 5-10 min then take BP and HR
  2. have pt. stand (if they can’t sit w/ legs dangling)
  3. after 1 min, repeat BP and HR
65
Q

what are the cutoffs that suggest volume depletion when taking orthostatic BP?

A

decrease in SBP >20mmHg and decrease of >10mmHg or increase in HR >20BPM (>16BPM in elderly)

66
Q

define acute pain

A

short duration, sudden onset, associated w/ surgery, injury, acute illness

67
Q

define chronic pain

A

pain that last several months or longer, often sustained by pathological processes (e.g joint disease, cancer)

68
Q

define nociceptive pain and name the the two different types

A

pain perceived by specialized peripheral nerves called nocicpetors.

  1. somatic nociceptive pain
  2. visceral nociceptive pain
69
Q

define somatic and visceral nocicpetive pain

A
  1. somatic: nociceptive pain of the joints, bones, muscles, soft/connective tissue (strains, sprains)
  2. visceral: nociceptive pain of the soft tissues and internal organs (pregnancy and childbirth)
70
Q

what are some words that are used to describe visceral nocicpetive pain?

A

dull, squeezing, deep, sickening

71
Q

define neuropathic pain and name the two different types

A

long-term pain associated with damage, dysfunction of nerves involved in somatosensation. can be descrived as both loss of feeling or sensation, tingling/burning, shock-like paresthisias. 1. central 2. peripheral

72
Q

define central neuropathic pain

A

neuropathic pain associated with damage to the CNS (e.g. phantom limb pain)

73
Q

define peripheral neuropathic pain

A

neuropathic pain associated with damage to PNS (e.g. pinched nerve of neck may cause itching of the back)

74
Q

normal temp taken with oral thermometer

A

98.6F/37C

75
Q

normal temp taken with rectal thermometer

A

99.6F/37.56C

76
Q

normal temp taken with axillary thermometer

A

97.6F/36.4C

77
Q

normal temp taken with tympanic thermometer

A

99.6F/37.56C

78
Q

which thermometer is best used on pediatric patients and kids 2 months-16 years?

A

tympanic

79
Q

which is the most accurate method of temperature acquisition?

A

rectal

80
Q

what is the avg. temp differential between tympanic and rectal?

A

T is generally 1.6F lower than rectal

81
Q

list 6 factors than can increase BP

A
  1. atherosclerosis
  2. anxiety
  3. hypertension
  4. pain
  5. sedentary lifestyle
  6. illicit drugs, stimulates
82
Q

list 4 factors that can decrease BP

A
  1. hypotension
  2. dehydration
  3. illicit drugs, depressants
  4. active lifestyle
83
Q

normal oral temp

A

98.6F (37)

84
Q

normal rectal temp

A

99.6F (37.7)

85
Q

axillary

A

97.6F (36.4)

PD Block I (6 decks)

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