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PD Block I > Skin, Hair, and Nails (+Breast) > Flashcards

Skin, Hair, and Nails (+Breast) Flashcards

1
Q

intertriginous area

A

area where two skin areas may touch (e.g. axilla, nares, breasts)

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2
Q

what do the SOAP letters stand for?

A

Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan

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3
Q

list 5 examples of how the skin, hair, and nails can be examined to display external manifestations of diease

A
  1. genetic conditions and congenital disorders
  2. endocrine/metabolic disorders
  3. other systemic disease states
  4. infectons
  5. skin, hair, nails can provide clues to occupational/leisure activities and use of drugs
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4
Q

how much does the skin weigh?

A

approx. 6 pounds

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5
Q

list 4 functions of skin

A
  1. protects against heat, light, injury, infection
  2. regulates body temp
  3. stores water, fat, and vitamin D
  4. can sense painful and pleasant stimulation
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6
Q

name and describe the most superficial layer of the skin

A

epidermis
stratum corneum (horny layer)
cellular stratum
basal layer/basement membrane

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7
Q

how long does it take basal cells to migrate to stratum corneum?

A

4 weeks

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8
Q

the accessory organs of the skin are found in what skin layer?

A

dermis

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9
Q

name the middle layer of the skin

A

dermis

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10
Q

describe the cellular structure and function of the stratum corneum

A

continually shedding, dead keratinocytes, keratin (protein formed by dead cells) protects the skin from harmful substances

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11
Q

describe the cellular structure and function of the cellular stratum

A

contains melanocytes (produce pigment melanin- protect against harmful UV rays) and living keratinocytes (squamous cells- to become stratum corneum)

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12
Q

describe the cellular structure and function of the basal layer/basement membrane

A

contains basal cells (continually divide to create new keratinocytes that will be used to protect skin)

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13
Q

name the accessory structures found in the dermis

A

blood vessels, lymph vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands

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14
Q

describe the production, structure, and function of collagen in the dermis

A

dermis held together by collagen. collagen produced by fibroblasts (cells that give the skin its strength)

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15
Q

name the deepest layer of the skin

A

subcutis (subcutaneous layer)

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16
Q

discuss the structure and function of the subcutis

A

network of collagen and fat cells. helps conserve body head and cushioning organs

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17
Q

eccrine glands

A

sweat glands, open to surface and provide cooling mechanism thru. evaporation

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18
Q

apocrine glands

A

under the arms, in the groin, secretions produce littler or no odors, but mix w/ bacteria to result in characteristic odors

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19
Q

discuss the 3 regions of the hair follicle

A
  1. bulb (and suprabulb): bottom portion, base of follicle to insertion of erector pili muscle
  2. isthmus: middle portion, short section from insertion of erector pili to entrance of sebaceous gland duct
  3. infundibulum: upper portion, extends from the entrace of sebaceous gland duct to follicular orifice
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20
Q

discuss the 3 phases of the hair follicle life cycle

A
  1. anagen: longest, active growth phase, 3-4 years (84% of follicles on scalp)
  2. catagen: follicle dies, lasts approx. 2-3 weeks (1-2% of follicles on scalp)
  3. telogen: resting period after follicle dies, lasts 3 months (10-15% of follicles on scalp)
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21
Q

what is turgor and how do you test for it during a PE?

A

tension produced by fluid in the cells and tissues, tested by pinching skin on posterior forearm (NOT dorsal hand)

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22
Q

what affects turgor?

A

edema or dehydration decrease turgor

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23
Q

eponychium

A

covers and protects nail root (cuticle)

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24
Q

paronychium

A

protects nail from getting debris underneath, soft tissue surrounding nail

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25
Q

sebaceous gland

A

secrete sebum (lipid rich, prevents skin and hair from drying out)

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26
Q

pitting

A

psoriasis

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27
Q

koilonychia

A

AKA spooning, iron deficiency anemia

28
Q

Beau lines

A

severe systemic illness

29
Q

clubbing

A

inflammatory/immune diseases (COPD, hear disease)

30
Q

cholasma

A

seen in women during pregnancy occasionally, darkening of skin on face

31
Q

macule

A

flat, circumscribed, less than 0.5cm

32
Q

patch

A

flat, circumscribed (like macule), larger than 0.5mc

33
Q

papule

A

elevated, firm, circumscribed, less than 0.5cm

34
Q

plaque

A

elevated, larger than 0.5cm

35
Q

wheal

A

edematous, irregular shaped, hive, variable diameter, transient

36
Q

nodule

A

elevated, firm, circumscribed lesions, deeper in dermis than a papule, 1-2cm in diamter

37
Q

tumor

A

elevated, solid lesion, may or may not be clearly demarcated, deeper in dermis, >2cm in diameter

38
Q

vesicle

A

elevated, circumscribed, superficial, not into dermis, filled with serous fluid less than 1cm in diameter

39
Q

bullae

A

vesicle greater than 1cm

40
Q

pustule

A

elevated, superficial lesion, similar to vesicle, but filled with purulent fluid

41
Q

cyst

A

elevated, circumscribed encapsulated lesion, in dermis or subcutaneous layer, filled with liquid or semisolid material

42
Q

telangiectasia

A

fine, irregular, red lines, produced by capillary dilation

43
Q

lichenification

A

secondary lesion: rough, thickened epidermis, secondary to persistent rubbing, itching, or skin irritation

44
Q

keloid

A

secondary lesion, irregularly shaped, elevated progressively enlarging scar

45
Q

excoriation

A

secondary lesion, scratch

46
Q

fissure

A

secondary lesion, linear crack or break from epidermis

47
Q

erosion

A

secondary lesions, loss of part of the epidermis; depressed moist, glistening

48
Q

ulcer

A

secondary lesion, loss of epidermis and dermis; caries in size

49
Q

crust

A

secondary lesion, dried serum, blood, or purulent exudates

50
Q

atrophy

A

secondary skin lesions, thinning of skin surface and loss of skin markings

51
Q

peau d’orange

A

pitted or dimpled appearance of skin, texture looks like an orange peel, if found on the breast, concerning for carcinoma

52
Q

leukonychia

A

white spots on nail plate from minor injury/trauma

53
Q

woods lamp

A

to inspect skin for fungal infection

54
Q

diascopy

A

determines if a lesion is vascular or avascular, pushing slide down on skin to see if blanching occurs

55
Q

direct microscopy

A

skin scrapings, observed on microscope with KOH prep

56
Q

name the 4 skin biopsy methods

A
  1. punch
  2. incisional
  3. excisional
  4. shave
57
Q

what 2 tests are there for allergy testing?

A
  1. patch

2. prick

58
Q

varicosities

A

varicose veins, twisted, enlarged, dilated, at skin surface

59
Q

onycholysis

A

when the nail plate separates from the nail bed, starts at distal groove, often caused by onychomycosis

60
Q

striae

A

pink-red, linear bands/streaks

61
Q

leukonychia

A

white spots in the nail plate from minor trauma

62
Q

peau d’orange breast

A

thickened skin of the breast with enlarged pores. indicates edema of breast caused by blocked lymph drainage following advanced breast malignancy.

63
Q

mass in the breast

A

concerning if mass is unilateral, irregular in shape, stellate, hard/stoneline, nontender, and evolving in size.

64
Q

pain of the breast

A

only 10% of cancers present with pain. there may be pain in the axilla if breast cancer has spread to lymph nodes.

65
Q

nipple discharge

A

can be a sign of pituitary abnormalities such as adenomas

66
Q

nipple retraction

A

retractions and dimpling occur with contraction of fibrotic tissue, may occur with breast cancer. a new retraction (unilateral) suggests malignancy.

67
Q

be familiar with the lesion types and shapes discussed in skin, hair, nails lecture

A

quiz yourself using the pictures in the book (but remember that the macule is

PD Block I (6 decks)

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