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PD Block I > The Ophthalmologic Exam > Flashcards

The Ophthalmologic Exam Flashcards

1
Q

myopia

A

nearsightedness

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2
Q

hyperopia

A

farsightedness

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3
Q

describe the directionality of the macula and optic disk

A

macula is temporal (lateral), optic disk is nasal (medial)

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4
Q

how do you test peripheral vision?

A

confrontation test (finger wiggle test)

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5
Q

what is the cutoff for legal blindness?

A

20/200

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6
Q

what is complete blindness?

A

NLP, no light perception

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7
Q

emmetropia

A

normal vision

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8
Q

why does presbyopia occur?

A

lens becomes less fluid muscles of lens become rigid.

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9
Q

where is an image focused if a pt. has hyperopia?

A

behind the retina

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10
Q

where is an image focused if a pt. has myopia?

A

in front of the retina

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11
Q

KNOW ANATOMY OF THE EYE!

A

slide 12 of ophthalmologic exam lecture

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12
Q

what is the diopter on the ophthalmoscope?

A

illuminating lens indicator shows varying power (diopter) of magnification.

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13
Q

what color lens numbers on ophthalmoscope should you use if you have myopia? hyperopia?

A

myopia: red
hyperopia: green/black

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14
Q

why would you use the slit aperture setting?

A

exam of anterior eye; determine elevation of lesions

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15
Q

why would you use the cobalt blue filter?

A

used w/ fluoroscein dye to view small lesions

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16
Q

what is the purpose of the snellen eye chart?

A

to assess distance vision

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17
Q

explain the test for peripheral vision

A

confrontation (finger wiggle test) test eyes separately

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18
Q

limbus

A

area around iris

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19
Q

bulbar conjunctiva

A

conjunctiva that covers the eye and lies deep to the eyelid

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20
Q

tarsal plate

A

area that lies next to conjunctiva under the eyelid

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21
Q

meibomian gland

A

sebaceous gland at rim of eyelid inside the tarsal plate

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22
Q

what test to you use to evaluate anterior chamber depth?

A

penlight from the side, don’t need to cover other eye, looking for shadow over the iris

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23
Q

discuss the process of examining the adnexa of the eye

A

use both ambient and pen light to inspect

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24
Q

what structures do you palpate during the physical exam of the eye?

A

lacrimal gland, orbit

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25
how do you assess pupillary reaction?
place you hand between the patient's eyes, bring your light into the field of vision and watch response in direct eye, do the same and look for the same response in indirect eye. repeat with opposite eyes. dark room
26
how do you test accommodation?
pupil reaction to looking at far objects vs. near objects. look at door, look at penlight.
27
name the muscles of the eye (from 12 oclock to 12 oclock clockwise)
inferior oblique, medial rectus, superior oblique, inferior rectus, lateral rectus, superior rectus. (all the RECTUS ones make sense, the OBLIQUES don't)
28
which ocular muscles are controlled by which CNs?
lateral rectus (CN6), superior oblique (CN4), all the rest CN3
29
during EOMS what are you looking for?
conjugate gaze nystagmus lid lag
30
esotropia
most common type in children, inward crossed eyes
31
exotropia
AKA wall eye, outward turned eyes
32
hypertropia
vertical misalignment up
33
hypotropia
vertical misalignment down
34
what is the corneal light reflex test used for?
to test for strabismus
35
pseudostrabismus
seen in patient's with large epicanthal folds (common in asian backgrounds, also seen in pt's with down syndrome)
36
red reflex
seen light reflecting off retina
37
what does a cup ratio of 0.3 mean?
cup is 1/3 diameter of optic disk
38
what is the average AV ratio?
2/3
39
what is the AV ratio?
ratio of arteries to veins when viewing the retina via ophthalmoscope
40
uvea
iris, ciliary body, choroids
41
iris
circular, muscle, containing pigment
42
choroid body
pigmented, richly vascular layer, oxygenates the outer layer of retina
43
visual impairment/loss
vision that cannot be corrected
44
proptosis
AKA exophthalmos, protrusion of the eyeball, associated with Graves disease
45
exopthalmos
AKA proptosis, protrusion of the eyball, associated with Graves disease
46
ptosis
drooping eyelids
47
nystagmus
involuntary eye movement, or twitching
48
strabismus
eye misalignment, can be continuous or temporary
49
dipopia
double vision, simultaneous perception of two images of a single object
50
astigmatism
blurred vision due to irregular corneal shape or curve of lense
51
mydriasis
dilation of the pupil usually caused by disease, drugs, or trauma
52
miosis
constriction of pupil
53
anisocordia
pupils of different diameter
54
list possible eye exam findings in someone with thyroid diease
1. exopthalmos 2. band keratopathy (hyperparathyroidism) 3. cataracts (hyperparathyroidism)
55
list possible eye exam findings in someone with diabetes
1. snowflake cataract 2. cotton wool spots 3. blurred vision, distortion or visual acuity loss 4. microaneurysms on ophthalmoscopic exam (dilated vessels) 5. yellow patches of hard exudates 6. bleeding from vessels of retina 7. vessels grow out of retina toward vitreous humor
56
cotton wool spots
soft exudates caused by infarction of the nerve layer, often seen in patients with diabetes on ophthalmoscopic exam (appear yellow on retina)
57
band keratopathy
deposition of calcium in the superficial cornea, seen in patients with hyperparathyroidsm, hypercalcemia, trauma, renal failure, syphilis, sarcoidosis
58
list possible eye exam findings in someone with hypertension
1. as hypertension progresses, arteries become narrower (smooth muscle contraction, hyperplasia, or fibrosis), thickening of arteriole coat occurs, creating AV nicking 2. hemorrhage (in moderate cases) 3. cotton wool spots (in moderate cases) 4. optic disk edema (in malignant cases)
59
AV nicking
arterioles and venules in the eye crossing, associated with hypertension
60
which is brighter on ophthalmoscope exam arterioles or venules?
arterioles
61
which are smaller arterioles or venules?
arterioles
62
list possible eye exam findings in someone with hypercholesterolemia
fundus appears white, reverse as serum triglycerides return to normal
63
what should you palpate for on the temples? what might be a medical emergency?
inflamed temporal artery, medical emergency, giant cell arteritis
64
what sinuses are above the eyebrows?
frontal
65
what sinuses are deep to the cheeks?
maxillary
66
which are the small sinuses in between the eyeballs?
ethoids
67
which are the deep sinuses that are on either side of the face?
sphenoid
68
where are the glands on the inside of you cheeks? think of lemons
parotid glands
69
what ducts empty near the second molar? what gland does it drain?
stenson duct, parotid gland
70
what duct empties the submandibular glands?
wharton duct
71
name the top teeth from anterior to posterior
central incisor, lateral incision, canine, pre-molar 1, molar 2, molar to the wisdom teeth
72
how many teeth do you have if you have wisdom teeth? if you do not have wisdom teeth?
32, 28

PD Block I (6 decks)

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