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Techniques 1 > Vital Signs 1 > Flashcards

Vital Signs 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the factors that affect VS?

A

medication, illness/infection, exercise/stress, age, hypolemia/dehydration, environment, PO (oral) intake, hormones, circadian rhythm

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2
Q

how do medications affect VS?

A

antipyretics - reduce temperature and hide fever
opioids - decrease RR and can take away the drive to breathe
antihypertensives - decrease BP and P

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3
Q

how does illness and infection affect VS?

A

fever - cause an increase in BP, P, RR
infection - increase P… sepsis causes increase P and decrease BP

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4
Q

how does exercise and stress affect VS?

A

increased metabolism temporarily increases T, P, BP, and RR

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5
Q

how does age affect VS?

A

older adults and infants have a harder time regulating their T

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6
Q

how does hypovolemia and dehydration affect VS?

A

haemorrhage causes decreased BP and increased P… dehydration can do the same

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7
Q

how does the environment affect VS?

A

visiting a healthcare provider can be anxiety ridden and cause increase BP

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8
Q

how does PO (oral) intake affect VS?

A

hot/cold beverages and smoking can increase or decrease T
smoking, caffiene, lots of alcohol can increase BP

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9
Q

how do hormones affect VS?

A

ovulation can change T
the thyroid hormone can cause an increase in T and P

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10
Q

how does the circadian rhythm affect VS?

A

T and BP can fluctuate throughout the day

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11
Q

what changes do you note when taking VS?

A

positive and negative changes
ANY CHANGE

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12
Q

what do you do if there is a change in VS?

A

inform clinical instructor and buddy nurse
take the VS again

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13
Q

what is the average T?

A

36-38 C

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14
Q

what are the 7 ways to take T? What are the average T taken for each type?

A

oral - 37
axillary - 36.5
temporal - 37
tympanic -37
rectal - 37.5
skin tape
non contact

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15
Q

how do you check someones core T? what is the average core T?

A

through the pulmonary artery
36.5-37.5

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16
Q

when is oral T an appropriate route?

A

haven’t eaten, drank, smoked in 30 mins
not after oral surgery
not if PT is uncooperative/unconscious

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17
Q

when is it axillary T an appropriate route?

A

children, newborns
not after bathing
not if septic
not if sweating excessively
not after surgery

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18
Q

when is temporal T an appropriate route?

A

when you need something fast and noninvasive
not if theres excessive scar tissue or abrasions

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19
Q

when is tympanic T an appropriate route?

A

most prone to inaccurate readings and most room for error
very fast

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20
Q

when is rectal T an appropriate route?

A

rarely used
accurate but inconvenient
not with children as rectal tissue is soft

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21
Q

when is non contact T an appropriate route?

A

quick and contactless
good for COVID-19 screening

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22
Q

when is the true core T an appropriate route?

A

the T of the vital organs
most accurate but the most invasive and inconvenient
only used for critical care

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23
Q

what is pyrexia?

A

fever
when heat-loss mechanisms can’t keep up and produces excess heat

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24
Q

what is thermoregulation?

A

process that allows body to maintain its internal core T

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25
Q

what is the hypothalamus’s goal?

A

maintain homeostasis

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26
Q

where does the temperature receptors send their information?

A

to the hypothalamus

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27
Q

what is hyperthermia?

A

the body’s inability to lose heat fast enough, heatstroke

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28
Q

what is hyperplexia?

A

a fever greater than or equal 41 C

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29
Q

what does it mean when someone is febrile?

A

when a client has an elevated T

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30
Q

what does it mean when someone is afebrile?

A

a client with a normal T range

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31
Q

what is hypothermia?

A

the body’s T is 36 C or less
classified as mild to severe
can be medically induced or unintentional

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32
Q

what can a change in T alter?

A

urine output
skin
consciousness

33
Q

what can T indicate?

A

presence of infection/disease
inflammation
deteriorating client status
thermoregulatory disorders

34
Q

what is P a significant indicator of?

A

cardiac function

35
Q

what is the volume of blood pumped per minute

A

CO

36
Q

what is the number of BPM?

A

HR

37
Q

what is the amount of blood pumped into the aorta per contraction?

A

SV

38
Q

what is the average SV?

A

60-70mL

39
Q

how do you calculate CO?

A

HR x SV

40
Q

what are 3 alterations to pulse?

A

tachycardia, bradycardia, and pulse deficit

41
Q

what is tachycardia?

A

abnormally fast HR
greater than 100 BPM

42
Q

what is bradycardia

A

abnormally slow HR
less than 60 BPM

43
Q

what are some causes of tachycardia?

A

fever, exercise, anxiety, stress, acute pain, medication (epinephrine), hemorrhage, postural changes (sitting to standing), diseases like asthma and COPD

44
Q

what are some causes of bradycardia?

A

long term exercise (elite athletes), hypothermia, relaxation, medication (digoxin), lying down, hypothyroidism

45
Q

what is a pulse deficit?

A

a differences between the radial and apical pulse

46
Q

what are some causes of a pulse deficit?

A

cardiovascular disease, atrial fibrillation, aflutter, heart block, premature ventricular contractions (PVC)

47
Q

what’s the scale for rating pulse strength?

A

0 (absent), +1 (weak/thready), +2 (strong), +3 (full/increased), +4 (difficult to obliterate)

48
Q

what is arrhythmia/dysrhythmia?

A

irregular heart rhythm

49
Q

what can arrhythmia/dysrhythmia cause?

A

inadequate CO

50
Q

where is the radial P? how do you take a radial P?

A

on the thumb side of the wrist, count bests for 30 seconds and multiply by 2

51
Q

what is a normal radial P?

A

60-100 BPM

52
Q

what is the apical P? how do you take apical P?

A

we will use Erb’s point, and auscultation for a full 60 seconds

53
Q

what is the brachial P? do you take a brachial P, what is it used for?

A

on the pinky side of the forearm near the elbow, isn’t usually used for P but to find the brachial artery for taking BP

54
Q

what is an apical-radial P deficit?

A

when there is an inconsistency of P at the radial artery and at Erb’s point

55
Q

how can you check to see if there’s a pulse deficit?

A

the 2 nurse technique

56
Q

what is RR?

A

respiration rate (breathing)
process of moving gas into and out of the lungs

57
Q

the work that is taken to breathe is referred to as what?

A

effort

58
Q

what is diffusion?

A

the movement of particles back and forth

59
Q

what is the difference between thoracic/costal breathing, and abdominal/diaphragmatic breathing?

A

thoracic/costal - breathing from the chest, chest moves upward and outward
diaphragmatic/abdominal - the diaphragm contracts downwards

60
Q

what are the accessory muscles used in assisting breathing?

A

sternocleidomastoid, traps/scalene

61
Q

what is a normal RR?

A

12-20 R/min

62
Q

what are the 4 things to note when taking RR?

A

rhythm
rate
effort/quality
depth

63
Q

what is eupnea?

A

normal breathing (12-20 R/min)

64
Q

what is tachypnea?

A

fast RR, greater than 20 R/min

65
Q

what is bradypnea?

A

slow RR, less than 12 R/min

66
Q

what is hyperventilation? what can it result in?

A

rapid and deep R, can result in decreased CO2 (hypocarbia)

67
Q

what is hypoventilation?

A

slow and shallow R, can result in increased CO2 (hypercarbia)

68
Q

what is hypocarbia?

A

decrease of CO2

69
Q

what is hypercarbia?

A

increase of CO2

70
Q

what is dyspnea?

A

difficult and laboured breathing

71
Q

what is orthopnea?

A

breathing only in the upright or tripod position

72
Q

what does the pulse oximetry measure?

A

percentage of O2 in the blood combined with hemiglobin

73
Q

what are normal O2 stats?

A

95-100%

74
Q

how does being anemic alter O2 results?

A

anemic people have less hemoglobin so it shows within normal range

75
Q

what affects O2 stats?

A

nail polish, impaired circulation, movement like shivering

76
Q

how does carbon monoxide trick the oximeter?

A

the carbon monoxide attaches to the hemoglobin in replace of O2

77
Q

what is hypoxia?

A

inadequate tissue oxygenation

78
Q

what is hypoxemia?

A

below average level of O2

Techniques 1 (8 decks)

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