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Neuro Block 7 > Visual System Part II And III > Flashcards

Visual System Part II And III Flashcards

1
Q

What are the first order neurons of the optic pathway

A

Ganglion cells that travel in the optic nerve into the optic chiasm

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2
Q

What do axons coming from the lateral retina do at the optic chiasm

A

Do not decussate, they enter the ipsilateral optic tract

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3
Q

What do the axons that come from the medial retina do at the level of the chiasm

A

Decussate and enters the contralteral optic tract

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4
Q

Where do fibers from each optic tract terminate

A

In the lateral geniculate nucleus

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5
Q

What are the second order neurons in the optic pathways

A

Geniculate fibers

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6
Q

Where do the geniculate fibers travel

A

Through the internal capsule and corona radiata to the primary visual cortex in the banks of the calcarine sulcus

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7
Q

What is the extra geniculate pathways

A

Sensory fibers for pupil/EOM movements

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8
Q

Where do the extra geniculate fibers enter

A

They bypass the LGN and enter the pretectal area and the superior colliculus

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9
Q

What is the pretectal area important for

A

Pupillary light reflex

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10
Q

What is the superior colliculus and the pretectal area involved with

A

Directing eyes toward visual stimuli

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11
Q

Is the extra geniculate pathway involved with vision

A

No

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12
Q

Fibers arising from the lateral geniculate nucleus curve around the lateral wall of the lateral ventricular as the _________

A

Optic radiation

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13
Q

Where do the optic radiations terminate

A

In the cortex adjacent to the calcarine sulcus

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14
Q

What part of the visual field does the upper retina represent

A

Lower

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15
Q

Where does the upper retina projector in the calcarine sulcus

A

Above the calcarine sulcus

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16
Q

What part of the VF does the lower retina represent

A

Upper VF

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17
Q

What part of the calcarine sulcus does the lower retina project to

A

Below the calcarine sulcus

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18
Q

How do projections from the upper retina course in the optic radiations

A

Upwards in parietal lobe, around lateral ventricle to visual cortex above calcarine

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19
Q

How do the lower retina optic radiations course back

A

Downwards through temporal lobe towards calcarine sulcus

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20
Q

Where do the macular fibers project

A

In a broad region, some go with the superior optic radiations, some with the inferior optic radiations

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21
Q

Lesions affecting the optic radiation and the macula

A

Often cause visual loss in one quadrant of the vision field with macular sparing

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22
Q

Superior retina projects

A

To the cortex above the calcarine sulcus

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23
Q

Inferior retina projects to the

A

Cortex below the calcarine sulcus

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24
Q

Where is the macula represented

A

More posteriorly and peripheral fields than anteriorly. Represents a large area of the primary visual cortex

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25
Representation of the macula compared to its size
Disproportionately large
26
What is the blood supply of the optic radiations
MCA
27
What is the blood supply for the superior branch of the optic radiation
Superior branch of MCA
28
What is the blood supply of the inferior optic radiations
Inferior branch of the MCA
29
What is the blood supply to the visual cortex
PCA
30
How are visual named
According to the VF loss and NOT ACCORDING TO THE AREA OF THE RETINA OR THE OPTIC PATHWAY THAT IS NONFUNCTIONAL
31
Loss of the whole VF in one or both eyes
Blindness
32
Loss of half of a VF
Hemianopia
33
Loss of one quarter of a VF
Quadrantanopia
34
Same field loss in both eyes
Homonymous
35
Opposite field loss in both eyes
Heteronimous
36
What is often used instead of heteronimous lateral hemianopia?
Bitemporal hemianopia
37
What is often used instead of left or right homonymous hemianopia
Left or right hemianopia
38
Is the lesion is before the chiasm
One eye is affected
39
If the lesion is after the chiasm
Both eyes are affected
40
Optic nerve damage
Ipsilateral blindness (right ON damage, right blindness)
41
Damage to the optic chiasm in the middle
Bitemporal hemianopia VF loss in each eye temporally
42
Damage to the right optic chiasm from the side more temporally
Left hemianopia in the right eye
43
Damage to the right optic tract
Left homonymous hemianopia Same as if we lose the geniculate nucleus
44
What is a common causes of damage to the optic chiasm
Pituitary tumor
45
What is a common thing to damage the optic nerve
Embolism
46
Ischemia or infarct in the temporal lobe (MCA) at the Meyers loop on the inferior optic radiation
Left superior quadrantanopia Pie in the sky
47
Ischemia or infarct in the temporal and occipital lobe or the visual cortex (MCA or PCA, affects both loops) Right past the Meyers loop that affects both inferior and superior optic radiations
Left homonymous hemianopia
48
Ischemia or infarct in the parietal or occipital lobe (MCA or PCA, affects superior optic radiation) kinda close to the visual cortex
Left inferior quadrantanopia
49
Ischemia or infarct in the temporal or occipital lobe (MCA or PCA, affects inferior loops) kinda close to the visual cortex
Left superior quadrantanopia
50
Quadrantanopia with macular sparing
- ischemia or infarct affecting superior or inferior optic radiation - macula is spared because it is presented in BOTH parts of the optic radiation
51
What radiation would need to be affected to get lower quadrantanopia
Superior
52
What radatiation would be affected if you have upper quadrantanopia
Inferior
53
Why do we get macular sparing if there is ischemia or infarct affecting occipital lobe that is supplied by the PCA?
Because the region of the occipital lobe where the macula is represented is 'saved' by collaterals coming from the MCA territory
54
What do we "see" with
Our brains
55
How does the brain perceive things
We detect motion, light and dark, and color and the abstracted properties are somehow reassembled into a unified perception.
56
Our visual system can recognize objects independent of what
Angle or view, distance, and illumination
57
Most input to primary visual cortex arrives at what cortical layer
4
58
What is cortical layer 4 subdivided into
4A, 4B, 4Ca, 4b
59
What cortical layer in 4 contains numerous myelinated axon collateral resulting in the pale- appearing stria of gennari that is visible with the naked eye?
Layer 4B
60
Because of the distinctive stria from cortex layer 4B, what is the primary visual cortex also referred to as
Striate cortex
61
Visual association cortex
From the primary visual cortex, neurons project to this area and other regions of the parietal-occipital and occipitotemporal cortex.
62
What are the two main streams of higher order visual processing that are demonstrated in animals and humans
- dorsal pathways that project to the parietal-occipital association cortex (Where?) - ventral pathways that project to the occipitotemporal association cortex (What?)
63
What do the dorsal pathways of the visual association cortex do
Anywhere the question 'where?' by analyzing motion and spatial relationships between objects as well as between the body and visual stimuli
64
What does the ventral pathway of the visual association cortex do
Answers the question "what?" by analyzing form, with specific regions identifying colors, faces, letters, and other visual stimuli
65
Where is the separation of the dorsal and ventral pathways of the visual association cortex?
At the level of the retina
66
Channels for analyzing motion, form, and color
All sent through different parallel channels that go to different layers of the primary visual cortex
67
What is the condition where patients are unable to recognize people by looking at their faces
Prosopagnosia
68
What type of lesion is responsible for prospagnosia
Bilateral inferior occipitotemporal cortex, also known as the fusiform gyrus
69
Which hemisphere is mroe important for face recognition?
Some say the right one is, but in most reported cases, lesions are bilateral
70
People with prosopagnosia cannot recognize people by their face, but they can identify people by what
Their clothes, voices, or other cues
71
Awareness of the left hemisphere
Is aware of the right part of the world
72
Right hemisphere awareness
Aware of both with only slight dominance to the left
73
The VFs in someone with hemineglect syndrome
Intact
74
What does the damage affect in hemineglect syndrome
Right hemisphere
75
What is there an inability of in he I neglect syndrome
To pay attention to or notice stimuli from one half of the VF
76
Where does the loss occur in someone with meineglect syndrome
Occurs on the left side of the VF as the result of right parietal damage
77
What are some weird things that people with me I neglect syndrome do
Perceive only the right half of an object, if asked to copy an image, they will only draw the right half. They will eat food from only half of their plate
78
Results in decreases or absent vision in an eye that otherwise is normal
Amblyopia
79
Whenever the eye does not receive visual signals from an eye for a long period of time there is a risk of
Amblyopia
80
Where is the cause of amblyopia
Within the brain
81
What increases the chance of successful treatment in children with amblyopia
Detecting strabismus in early childhood
82
Most common cause of amblyopia
Strabismic amblyopia
83
What are the types of amblyopia
Strabismic Refractive (differing refractive error) Deprivation (congenital cataract)
84
What is a symptom give away for someone with an embolism
Sudden visual loss in one eye
85
What is a symptom give away for RD
A veil falling or black curtain
86
What is a symptom giveaway for someone floaters
Dust particle, lint, moving black spots
87
What is a symptom give away for someone with acute angle closure glaucoma
Pain and redness
88
What is a symptom giveaway for viral conjunctivitis
Redness with WATERY discharge
89
What is a symptom give away for bacterial conjunctivitis
Redness with PURULENT discharge

Neuro Block 7 (10 decks)

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