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Neuro Block 7 > Cerebrum Overview > Flashcards

Cerebrum Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Telencephalon regions

A

Cerebral cortex

Subcortical regions

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2
Q

Diencephalon regions

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

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3
Q

What is lateral to the 3rd ventricle?

A

Thalamus

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4
Q

How does the cerebrum develop

A

It starts to envelope the more caudal regions

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5
Q

What does the prosencephalon divide into

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

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6
Q

How is the cerebral cortex in the developed brain

A

One continuous sheet

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7
Q

Where is the insular lobe

A

Hidden in the lobe of cerebral cortex. Within the lateral fissure

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8
Q

What lobe is the uncut in

A

Medial temporal lobe

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9
Q

Where is the parahippocampal gyrus

A

Medial temporal lobe

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10
Q

Where is the isthmus of cingulate gyrus

A

Medial temporal lobe

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11
Q

Subcortical temporal lobe structures within the parahippocampal gyrus

A
  • Amygdala within the uncus

- hippocampus

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12
Q

Region receiving sensory input

A

Primary sensory cortex

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13
Q

Where does input to the primary sensory cortex from the visual system project to

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus

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14
Q

Where does the somatosensory input to the primary sensory cortex come from

A

VPL/VPM thalamic nuclei

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15
Q

Where does the auditory input to the primary sensory cortex come from

A

Transverse gyri in lateral fissure, input from VPL thalamic nucleus

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16
Q

Where does vestibular input to the primary sensory cortex come from

A

Insular/parietal cortex in the lateral fissure, input from the VPM thalamic nucleus

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17
Q

Where does the taste input to the primary sensory cortex come from

A

Insular/parietal cortex in lateral fissure, input from VPM thalmic nucleus

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18
Q

Where does the olfactory input to the primary sensory cortex come from

A

Multiple cortical (and subcortical) regions, input from olfactory tract

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19
Q

Where are all upper motor neurons located

A

Primary motor cortex

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20
Q

What are the two main parts of the primary motor cortex

A

Precentral gyrus (mainly) and frontal eye fields (CN III UMNS)

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21
Q

Secondary association cortex, aka Uniondale association cortex

A
  • input from/to primary cortex, 1 kind of sensation
  • sensory functions: processes more complex info than primary cortex
  • motor function: plans motor movements, projects to primary motor cortex
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22
Q

Tertiary association cortex, aka hetero/multi-modal association cortex

A

Input from unimodal association cortex of more than one sensory/motor system
-wernikes area, Braille

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23
Q

What are the 3 main areas for vision on the cortex

A
  • lateral parietal and temporal heteromoal assoication cortex
  • visual association cortex
  • primary visual cortex
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24
Q

What fissure is the primary visual cortex in

A

Calcarine fissure

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25
Q

How many layers of the cortical layers are there

A

6

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26
Q

Thalamocortical fibers

A

Motor input to cortex (cerebrocellar system) and sensory input to cortex (somatosensory input)

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27
Q

Corticocortical afferents

A

Input to cortex from other cortical regions

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28
Q

Interneurons

A

Short/local projections within the same cortical region, filter info

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29
Q

Corticocortical efferents

A

Output from cortex

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30
Q

Diffuse neurochemical

A

System input of AcH, dopamine, norepinephrine

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31
Q

Is the histology the same all across the different regions of cortex?

A

No

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32
Q

Broadmen map of cortex

A

Cellular map of the brain

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33
Q

How are the cerebral hemispheres connected

A

Corpus collosum and anterior commisure

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34
Q

Genu of the corpus collosum

A

The most anteiror portion of the corpus collosum

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35
Q

What is the body of the corpus collosum?

A

The medial, superior region of the corpus colossum

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36
Q

What is the selenium of the corpus collosum

A

The most posterior portion of the corpus collosum

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37
Q

What is the rostrum of the corpus collosum

A

Anterior/inferior portion of the corpus collosum

38
Q

Where do the cerebral hemispheres connect on the anterior commisure?

A

Circular cross section

39
Q

Other than the cerebral hemispheres, what else connects at the anterior commisure

A

Olfactory bulbs

40
Q

What are the deep white matter tracts within each cerebral hemisphere?

A
  • superior longitudinal fasciculus
  • inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus
  • uncinate faciculus
  • arcuate fasciculus
  • inferior longitudinal fasciculus
  • cingulum bundle
  • short association fibers
41
Q

Connects the occipital, parietal, and frontal lobes

A

Superior longitudinal fasciculus

42
Q

Connects the occipital parietal, and frontal lobes inferiorly

A

Inferior fronts-occipital fasciculus

43
Q

Connects the temporal and frontal lobes

A

Uncinate fasciculus

44
Q

Connects the language areas (Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas)

A

Accurate fasciculus

45
Q

Connects the occipital and temporal lobes

A

Inferior longitudinal fasciculus

46
Q

Connections throughout cingulate and parahippocampal gyri

A

Congruous bundle

47
Q

Connect neighboring gyri of same hemisphere

A

Short assoication fibers (U fibers, or arcuate fibers)

48
Q

Is the cortex deep or shallow

A

Shallow

49
Q

What kind of fibers are in the insular capsule

A

Descending and ascending

You can damage this without damaging other tracts and get weakness

50
Q

When looking at a cross section of the cerebrum, what kind of radiations do you see?

A

You see the internal capsule and then the coronal radiations off of that

51
Q

How do motor projections descend in the internal capsule

A

Through the internal capsule to the cerebral peduncles, onward through the basilar pons, pyramids, LCST

52
Q

What cranial nerves do we test in the supratentorial region

A

CN 1 and 2, and then UMN to ALL CRANIAL NERVES

53
Q

What functions are tested in the supratentorial compartment

A
  • awake and oriented, mental status
  • CN1 and 2
  • olfactory, and visual
  • language, cognition, memory
  • behavioral
54
Q

Unique functions of the supratentorial compartment

A

Horizontal

  • CN 1 and 2
  • language, cognition, memory
  • behavior

Longitudinal

  • awake and oriented
  • mental status
  • brainstem-thalamus-cortex network

CN
-UMN to all cranial nuclei

Motor systems

  • corticospinal system
  • corticobulbar/corticonuclear
  • cerebrocerebellar
  • basal ganglia

Somatosensory
-ALS and DC-ML

55
Q

What are the main types of pathology we see when dealing with the cerebrum

A

Vascular
Neoplasm
Degenerative
Seizures

56
Q

What is the blood supply to the lateral surface of the brain

A

MCA

57
Q

What is the blood supply to the parietal and frontal lobes

A

MCA

58
Q

What is the blood supply to the medial surface of parietal and temporal lobes

A

PCA

59
Q

This supplies the medial and dorsolateral parts of the frontal, parietal, and cingulate gyri

A

ACA

60
Q

This supplies the ventral and some lateral surface of the temporal and occipital lobes

A

PCA

61
Q

What are the borderline zones between the vascular territories on the cerebrum called

A

Watersheds, smaller branches anastomose here

62
Q

PCA-MCA border

A

Varies in anterior end of temporal lobes

63
Q

PCA border

A

May cover all of ventral and medial surfaces, or MCA inferior division may reach this surface

64
Q

What do watershed territories include

A

White matter deep to cerebral cortex

65
Q

Watershed infarcts

A

Anastomose between the major vasculature are small vessels and anastomoses can collapse during hypotension/hypovolemia causing a watershed infarct

66
Q

What can transient episodes of hypoxia causes

A

Watershed infarct

67
Q

What are the two main things that cause a watershed infarct

A

Reduction in flow or O2 levels

68
Q

Are watershed areas restricted to gray matter?

A

No, they are wedge shaped territories that extend down into the white matter

69
Q

Anterior (ICA) VS Posterior (vertebra-basilar) systems

A

Largely independent under normal conditions

-anastomoses through circle of willis are most important when one of the cerebral arteries is compromised

70
Q

What two main blood supplies come off of the ICA

A

ACA and MCA

71
Q

What main blood supply comes off of the vertebral artery

A

PCA

72
Q

What do cerebral tumors do to function

A

Typically suppress local function, but can be irritative/stimulatory

73
Q

What kind of presence do cerebral tumors show

A

Focal pathology (typically) with localizing signs

74
Q

Temporal profile of cerebral tumors

A

Insidious onset

75
Q

Abnormal electrical activity that transiently disrupts neural function

A

Seizures

76
Q

Loss of consciousness in seizures

A

Differences in degree

77
Q

How do seizures often appear as

A

Start as focal process, then may spread or ‘generalize”

78
Q

How do you recognize the presentation pattern of seizures?

A

Must have a neuroanatomy knowledge

79
Q

Temporal profile of seizures

A

Transient, aka paroxysmal, may recur

80
Q

Prodrome and seizures

A

Often have a prodromal event or sensory “aura” immediately before onset

81
Q

How does amygdala sit to the hippocampus

A

Mostly rostral, but extends caudally and just superior/dorsal to hippocampus

82
Q

What structure is critical for long term memory

A

Hippocampus

83
Q

What structure helps cortex store memories

A

Hippocampus

84
Q

What structure helps regulate emotions and stress responses

A

Hippocampus

85
Q

What structure does the hippocampus interact with

A

Hypothalamus

86
Q

Major functions of the hypothalamic nuclei deep to 3rd ventricle

A
  • neuroendocrine regulation
  • regulates ANS
  • thermoregulation
  • energy/metabolism
  • hunger/thirst
  • cravings (Na+, fat)
  • motivation
  • behavioral regulation
87
Q

Relationship of hypothalamus, thalamus, midbrain

A

All neighbors

88
Q

What is the thalamus positioned adjacent to

A

3rd ventricle

89
Q

Sensory nuclei through thalamus

A
  • Visual: LGN
  • auditory: MGN
  • somatosensory: VPL and VPM
  • taste: VPM
90
Q

Motor nuclei through the thalamus

A
  • ventral anterior nucleus
  • ventral lateral nucleus
  • part of the cerebrocerebellum circuitry
  • part of the feedback loop between cerebral cortex and basal ganglia

Neuro Block 7 (10 decks)

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