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Neuro Block 7 > Olfaction And Taste > Flashcards

Olfaction And Taste Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation of odors that results from the detection of odorous substances aerosolized in the environment

A

Olfaction

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2
Q

Sensation evoked by stimulation of taste receptors located in the oropharyngeal cavity

A

Taste

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3
Q

Contributes to the experience of flavor by detecting irritating components in smells like ammonia or the “hot” in spicy food like peppers

A

Somatosensory system

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4
Q

What is responsible for thermal and textural perceptions in food

A

Somatosensory system

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5
Q

Appetite

A

Orexia

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6
Q

Lack of appetite

A

Anorexia

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7
Q

Lack of smell

A

Anosmia

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8
Q

What is smell most important in humans for

A

Learning and smelling poison

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9
Q

Plays a role in pleasures associated with eating and with the many scents that make up our world

A

Olfactory system

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10
Q

What ar the taste sensations

A

Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and more recently umami (amino acids)

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11
Q

_____ which originates from receptors in the oropharyngeal cavity, is important to determine the acceptance or rejection of foods. This info is relayed by neural pathways that underlie various ingestive and digestive functions

A

Taste

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12
Q

What is the sensation of taste though smell

A

Retrosnasal smell, from food

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13
Q

What part of the nervous system is the olfactory bulb

A

CNS

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14
Q

Where does the olfactory bulb lie

A

Cribiform plate

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15
Q

What bone is the cribiform plate on

A

Ethmoid bone

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16
Q

Olfactory bulb in relation to the frontal lobe

A

Inferior to the medial aspect of the frontal lobe

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17
Q

Where do the olfactory fibers pass through

A

Cribiform plate

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18
Q

Receptors responsible for transduction of odor molecules are found in the

A

Olfactory mucosa

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19
Q

Where is the olfactory nasal mucosa

A

Roof of the nasal cavity on the inferior surface of the cribiform plate and along the nasal septum and medial wall of the superior turbinate

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20
Q

How is the olfactory mucosa different than the respiratory epithelium

A

The olfactory mucosa is yellowish in color and has greater thickness

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21
Q

What does the olfactory epithelium contain

A
  • olfactory receptor neurons
  • supporting cells
  • basal cells
  • ducts of small glands (Bowmans) that secrete mucous
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22
Q

Where are the olfactory receptors found

A

Bodies of bipolar olfactory receptor neurons are found in the basal two thirds of the epithelium

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23
Q

Makeup of olfactory receptor

A

-each has a single thin apical dendrite and a nasally located unmyelinated axon

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24
Q

The apical dendrite of the olfactory receptor

A

Extends to the surface of epithelium where it terminates in a knob like olfactory vesicles from which 10 to 30 nonmotile cilia arise

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25
Q

The unmyelinated axons of an olfactory receptor neuron pass through the lamina proprioceptive and group together into bundles called _______, whihc collectively make up the olfactory nerve (CN1)

A

Olfactory fila

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26
Q

Where do the olfactory film pass through

A

The cribiform plate and terminate in the olfactory bulb

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27
Q

Where is the olfactory bulb

A

Located on the ventral surface of the frontal lobe in the olfactory sulcus and is attached to the rest of the brain by the olfactory tract

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28
Q

Where do the olfactory fila synapse?

A

Olfactory bulb

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29
Q

What type of odorants are more likely to cross the mucus

A

Hydrophobic such as musk

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30
Q

How do hydrophobic molecules cross the mucus in olfactory transduction

A

By interacting with small proteins called odorant binding proteins

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31
Q

After crossing the mucus, what do hydrophobic odorants do

A

Bind to odorants receptors on the cilia of the olfactory receptor neurons, which causes depolarization of the dendrite of the olfactory receptor neuron

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32
Q

What do the axons of the olfactory receptor neuron do

A

Communicate with the second order neurons in the olfactory tract (in bulb) called mitral cells, which emerge from the caudal portion of he olfactor bulb to form the lateral olfactory tract

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33
Q

What is the only system to bypass the thalamus

A

Olfactory

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34
Q

How do the axons of the olfactory tract course

A

Caudally to terminate in areas on the ventral surface of the frontal lobe, which are broadly defined as the olfactory cortex

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35
Q

What are the principal areas making up the olfactory cortex

A
  • anterior olfactory nucleus
  • olfactory tubercle
  • piriform cortex
  • periamygdaloid cortex
  • entorhinal cortex
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36
Q

What is unique about the olfactory system

A

The bulb projects directly to the cortex

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37
Q

Where does the olfactory cortex send projections

A

To the orbitofrtonal cortex and insula (also receive taste input)

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38
Q

In addition to neocortical projections, the olfactory cortex also sends fibers directly to the

A

Lateral hypothalamus and hipposcampus

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39
Q

Projections from the olfactory cortex to the lateral hypothalamus

A

Important for feeding behavior and sense of hunger

40
Q

The olfactory cortex projections to the hippocampus

A

Links olfactory input to centers concerned with learning and behavior (smells bringing back memories)

41
Q

Conductive olfactory deficits

A

Caused by nasal polyps, septal deviation, and inflammation (blockage)

42
Q

Sensorineural olfactory deficits

A

Triggered by processes that damage the olfactory receptor neurons or parts of the olfactory CNS (head injuries, neurodegerneative diseases, severe upper respiratory infection)

43
Q

What is considered the primary olfactory cortex in humans

A

Piriform cortex

44
Q

Affect on smell of seizures originating in the vicinity of the uncut

A

May begin with an illusion of smell or taste, most often an unpleasant one. May go on to include chewing movements or smacking of lips

45
Q

Seizures that affect the piriform complex that result in illusions of smell and or taste and are accompanied by chewing movements or smacking of the lips

A

Uncinate seizures

46
Q

The loss of smell (anosmia) or decreased smell can be associated with

A

Nasal polyps

47
Q

What can nasal polyps result from

A

Inflamed mucous membranes or allergic reactions and can obstruct the nasal cavities or extend into the nose

48
Q

What are some causes of disrupted sense of smell

A 
Nasal polyps 
Rhinitis or sinusitis 
Head trauma 
Features along anterior base of skull 
Tumors 
Cocaine 
Smoking
49
Q

What can cause CSF to leak through nose

A

Fractures along the anteiror base of the skull may cause drainage of CSF into the paranasal sinuses and through the nose (CSF rhinorrhea)

50
Q

What is specific anosmia

A

Healthy person who is unable to perceive the odor of a particular compound. May be inherited

51
Q

Psychiatric disorders and smell

A

Patients may experience parosmia, a distortion in a smell or the perception of a smell when no odoer is present

52
Q

Chief complaint of most patients with chemosensory disturbances

A

Loss or alteration of taste. People confuse taste with flavor

53
Q

Detection of odorous substance

A

Indicates the integrity of the peripheral nerve and its pathway

54
Q

Identification of the odor

A

Reveals intact cortical functions

55
Q

If the patient is aware of a smell but cannot recall the name of the scent

A

The disorder is likely to reside at higher levels of the sensory system (initial symptoms of Alzheimer’s)

56
Q

Are olfactory losses unilateral or bilateral?

A

Either

57
Q

Unilateral olfactory losses

A

Typically observed subsequent to nasal cavity disease or after tumor associated compression of one olfactory bulb or tract

58
Q

Bilateral olfactory losses (ansomia)

A

Sustained in response to head trauma or the common cold

59
Q

Olfactory and age

A

Decline in olfactory function are common

-the loss occurs gradually and pt often fails to notice. Can affect the palatability of foods

60
Q

What does the dense of taste result from

A

An interaction between gustatory stimuli and receptor cells located in sensory organs called taste buds

61
Q

Where are taste buds

A

Tongue and oropharyngeal cavity

62
Q

What are hte lingual tastebuds

A
  • fungiform papillae
  • foliate papillae
  • circumvallate papillae
63
Q

What are the extralingual taste buds

A

May not be for taste, but for detection of food and suppression of aspiration into trachea (protect from inhaling food)

64
Q

Fungiform papillae

A

2-4 taste buds dorsally, anterior 2/3 tongue

65
Q

Foliage papillae

A

2-9 clefts, taste buds in clefts, posterior margin of tongue

66
Q

Circumvallate papillae

A

8-12 taste buds in cleft

67
Q

What taste buds are on the anterior 2/3 of tongue

A

Fungiform

68
Q

What taste buds are on the posteiror margin of the tongue

A

Foliage

69
Q

What taste buds are in the cleft

A

Circumvallate papillae

70
Q

Where are taste receptor cells located

A

Taste buds

71
Q

Where are taste buds most obvious

A

Tongue

72
Q

How many cells does each taste bud contain

A

40-100

73
Q

What are the 4 different functionally distinct cell types within the taste buds

A
  • type I: mainly perform supportive functions
  • type II: receptor cells posses G protein-coupled receptors for bitter, sweet, and umami compounds
  • type III: secrete NT
  • type IV: basal cells
74
Q

Apical end of taste cells

A

Covered with microvilli of variable lengths that extend into taste pore

75
Q

What does the taste pore allow

A

Contact between the microvilli of the taste cell and the external milieu

76
Q

What mus the substances pass through to reach the taste cell microvilli

A

Protein rich substance of the taste pore

77
Q

Taste tranduction

A

Just like all the others

-chemicals react with receptors, increase intercellular Ca2+, results in a release of a chemical NT (serotonin)

78
Q

The afferent fibers of first order taste neurons travel in the:

A
  1. Facial nerve
  2. Glossopharyngeal nerve
  3. Vagus nerve
79
Q

What nerve is responsible for taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue

A

Facial nerve (chorda tympani)

80
Q

What innervates the soft palate

A

Greater superficial petrosal nerve

81
Q

What innervates the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

A

Glossopharyngeal

82
Q

What innervates the small area around the epiglottis

A

Vagus nerve

83
Q

General sensation to the tongue

A

Trigeminal nerve

-detecting temperature

84
Q

The cell bodies of facial nerve fibers serving taste are located where

A

Geniculate nucleus

85
Q

The primary afferent taste fibers enter the solitary tract and synapse on cells of the

A

Rostral solitary nucleus

86
Q

Taste fibers in CN 9 and 10 have thei cell bodies of origin in the inferior ganglia of these CN

A

What is the primary taste nucleus

87
Q

What is the principal visceral afferent nucleus of the brainstem

A

Solitary nucleus

88
Q

How is the solitary nucleus divided

A

Rostral (gustatory) and caudal (visceral or cardiorespiratory) nucleus

89
Q

Taste fibers traveling in CN7, 9, and 10 terminate primarily in the ____ portions of the solitary nucleus

A

Rostral

90
Q

Axons arising from second order neurons in the gustatory nucleus (rostral solitary nucleus) ascend in the _____ central tegmental tract and terminate in the ________

A

Ipsilateral

VPM

91
Q

Axons from the neuron in the VPM travel where

A

Through the ipsilateral posterior limb of the internal capsule to terminate in the inner portion of the anterior insular cortex and on the lateral frontal operculum of the postcentral gyrus

92
Q

This pathway (solitary nucleus–VPM00cortex) is responsible for what

A

The discriminatory aspects of taste and is exclusively ipsilateral

93
Q

The sensation ear perceive when eating or drinking is the sensation of flavor, it is the result of the combination of three different kinds of input:

A
  1. Direct chemical stimulation of taste buds
  2. Stimulation of olfactory receptors by vapors from food
  3. Stimulation of chemical sensitive and somatosensory free nerve endings of CNV (texture and temp)
94
Q

Loss of taste sense, rare, would require injury to tongue or CN 7/9/10 afferent fibers

A

Ageusia

95
Q

Decreased taste sensitivity

A

Hypogeusia

96
Q

Distortions in taste perceptions

A

Parageusia/dysguesia

Neuro Block 7 (10 decks)

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