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Neuro Block 7 > Prefrontal Cortex: Cognition, Emotion, Behavior > Flashcards

Prefrontal Cortex: Cognition, Emotion, Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

What structures are int he prefrontal cortex

A

Medial prefrontal cortex
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Orbitofrontal

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2
Q

What structures are in the medial prefrontal cortex

A
  • superior frontal gyri

- cingulate gyrus

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3
Q

What structures are int he dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

A
  • superior frontal gyri
  • middle frontal gyri
  • inferior frontal gyri
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4
Q

What structure is in the orbitofrontal

A

Orbital gyri

Gyrus rectus

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5
Q

What does the prefrontal cortex serve

A

Many “higher functions” due to convergence of input from many cerebral regions

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6
Q

Maintaining focus and effort on one task, related to level of alertness

A

Sustained attention

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7
Q

What kind of attention is dependent on prefrontal/orbitofrontal cortex and other subcortical and brainstem regions

A

Sustained attention

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8
Q

Ability to tune-out irrelevant stimuli and to enhance detection and processing of relevant stimuli

A

Selective attention

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9
Q

What kind of attention is dependent on the prefrontal/orbitofrotnal cortex and input from the parietal lobe

A

Selective attention

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10
Q

Examples of selective attention

A
  • Visual: where’s Waldo? Or finding family member in a crowd.
  • Auditory: listening to a friends voive while tuning out a nearby strangers. Listening to one of several instruments during a song
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11
Q

Switching focus of selective attention between different types of stimuli

A

Attentions “set-shifting”

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12
Q

Examples of attentional set shifting

A

Color vs shape of visual object, adult vs child voices in convo, listening to prosody vs semantic aspects of speech.

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13
Q

What is the prefrontal/orbtiofrontal cortex mainly used for

A

Attentions

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14
Q

Selective attention for visual spatial attention, what lobe?

A

Superior parietal lobule regulates activity in primary or secondary visual cortex
Top down

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15
Q

Selective attention and visual object information

A

Similar top down regulation occurs: temporal visual association cortex regulates primary or secondary visual cortex

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16
Q

Selective attention for other types of sensory information

A

Not well understood, but general principal is sensory association cortex projected to primary sensory cortex and acts to filter our irrelevant info

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17
Q

What is a common test for selective attention or “set shifting”?

A

Stroop test

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18
Q

What is the stroop test

A

Tests selective attention or “set shifting” by having a color and meaning of word mismatched

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19
Q

What is the set shifting in stroops test dependent on

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anteiror cingulate gyrus cortex

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20
Q

Damage to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex

A

Impairs both maintaining focus on a set and set shifting

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21
Q

Areas of brain responsible for set shifting

A

Dorsolateral prefontal cortex and anteiror cingulate cortex

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22
Q

What does switching response criteria in set shifting depend on

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

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23
Q

Damage to the orbitofrontal cortex and set shifting

A

Impairs set shifting but patient may still be able to maintain focus on initial set

24
Q

Ability to hold information in mind during use for seconds to hours

A

Short term or working memory

25
Q

Accuracy of recall in short term or working memory

A

Accuracy of recalled information decreases as delay length increases: delay-dependent memory

26
Q

What is short term memory mediated by

A

Prefrontal cortex, mainly dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

27
Q

Spatial working memory localization

A

Dorsal to inferior frontal sulcus

28
Q

Object working memory localization

A

Ventral to inferior frontal sulcus

29
Q

Lab test for working memory (short term)

A

Delayed non-match to sample test

Basically a matching game

30
Q

N-test

A

Stream of one letter or number appearing at a time, changing every 1-2 seconds, subject responds by noting if current letter or number matches 2 samples ago (2-back) or is a mismatch
-difficulty can be increases

31
Q

Maintaining focus and effort on one task

A

Sustained attention

32
Q

What is the cause of sustained attention

A

NT through diffuse projections though out cerebral cortex and lambic regions, especially to prefrontal cortex. Prefrontal cortex is a major target of ascending NT projections systems, whose cell bodies are in brainstem nuclei or deep subcortical regions in cerebrum

33
Q

What NT promotes alertness, sustained attention, and selective attention

A

Locus coeruleus, a major ascending noradrenergic (NE) system

34
Q

Promotes selective attention to relevant stimuli, especially rewarding stimuli

A

Ventral Tegmental area, a major ascending dopaminergic system with widespread projections throughout the prefrontal cortex and lambic regions

35
Q

Where is the ventral tegmental area

A

In the substantia nigria

36
Q

Conventional medication of ADD

A

Ritalin and adderol, they increase action of NE and dopamine

37
Q

Cholinergic (acetylcholine) neurons

A

Form multiple subcortical regions have widespread projections targeting cerebral cortex, lambic regions. Enhance both sustained and selective attention

38
Q

Emotional/motivational/behavioral functions

A
  • motivational level toward specific/all tasks/goals
  • impulse control and delayed gratification
  • social interactions
  • emotional stability and self regulation
  • prefrontal regulation of fear/stress
39
Q

Cognitive/executive functions

A

Decision making

40
Q

Assessing whether stimuli are rewarding or aversive, or predict danger or reward, consequences of decisions

A

Decision making

41
Q

Phineas gage

A
  • Rail road stake in head
  • alert and normal during exam immediately after accident
  • head injury not fully closed till several months later
  • 1 month later falls into coma, awakes next day unable to raise head from bed
  • couple days later: long term memory intact, but impaired at size estimations and counting. Acts childishly and wants to go to childhood home
  • reports being pain free and goes home
  • cant keep work
42
Q

Major changes noted in Phineas Gage

A
  • loss of motivation at work, becomes unreliable
  • profane and socially inappropriate
  • emotionally volatile or agitated
43
Q

Frontal love release phenomenon

A
  • Behavior is diminished and inappropriate, including towards medical professionals
  • infantile reflexes (grasping finger, suckling)
44
Q

Utilization behavior, aka environmental dependency

A

Inappropriate use of objects when they suddenly become available, answering questions that are being directed to someone else

45
Q

A patient repeatedly says the same words, or the same motor responses, or the same choices in a cognitive test, despite these responses now being inappropriate.

A

Preservation

46
Q

An impairment in attentional set shifting (failing to shift) is a _________ error

A

Perseverative error

47
Q

Patient does not spontaneously produce speech and may be verbally unresponsive to questioning/examination. This deficit is a motivational deficit, not a problem in the language system (not aphasia)

A

Akinetic mutism

48
Q

Term derives from lack of ebullient mood/attitude (flat emotion). Lack of spontaneous behavior of any kind, delayed motor/verbal responses. Could contribute to a dx of major depression

A

Abulia

49
Q

Extreme forms of abulia and akinetic mutism

A

Can present as a catatonic state

50
Q

Vascular territory of prefrontal/orbitofronalt cortex

A

Branches of ACA

51
Q

Vascular territories of orbitofrontal cortex

A

Medially: MCA
Laterally: ACA

52
Q

When does the prefrontal cortex develop

A

Not until 20s

53
Q

What is the last brain region to fully develop

A

Prefrontal cortex

54
Q

How does the prefrontal cortex mature

A

Over production of synapses followed by pruning

55
Q

Behavioral implications of a developing prefrontal cortex

A

Gradual maturation of executive and emotional functions: risk/reward assessment, delayed gratification, impulse control, resisting peer pressure

56
Q

Disorders involving impaired prefrontal development

A

Autism

Schizophrenia

57
Q

Disorders involving impaired but treatable prefrontal function

A
  • schizophrenia
  • depression
  • PTSD
  • drug addiction

Neuro Block 7 (10 decks)

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