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Organ Systems III > Visual System Part 1 > Flashcards

Visual System Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation vs. Perception

A

Sensation is stimulation of a sensory receptor. This produces neural impulses that the brain interprets.
Sensation occurs when sensory organs absorb energy from a physical stimulus in the environment.

Perception is when the brain organizes info and interprets it to something that can be rationalized by us. More psychological.

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2
Q

Spatial processing determines this

A

location, movement, spatial transformation and relation

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3
Q

Object processing determines this

A

color, texture, pictorial detail, shape, size

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4
Q

Object processing is in this stream

A

Ventral

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5
Q

Spatial processing is in this stream

A

Dorsal

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6
Q

Eye/orbit is composed of these 3 layers

A

Fibrous coat (dura), vascular coat (arachnoid/pia), nervous coat (CNS)

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7
Q

Sclera is composed of this coat

A

Fibrous (dura). Contains blood vessels

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8
Q

These 2 structures are part of the fibrous coat

A

Sclera and Cornea

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9
Q

This portion of the fibrous coat is avascular and allows for diffusion from the aqueous humor

A

Cornea

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10
Q

This is function of the aqueous humor

A

Carries nutrients to the cornea. Is derived from blood

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11
Q

The Vascular coat (Uvea) is composed of these 3 things

A

Choroid layer, ciliary body, iris

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12
Q

Neural coat is this structure

A

Retina

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13
Q

________ and ________ refract light from objects onto the retina

A

Cornea and Lens

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14
Q

Most refraction of light occurs by this structure

A

Cornea

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15
Q

This structure is involved in fine tuning

A

Lens

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16
Q

Cornea epithelium is this cell type

A

Stratified squamous, non-keratinizing. Essentially clear.

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17
Q

Bowman’s membrane of the cornea forms a barrier for this

A

Decreases infections and prevents regeneration

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18
Q

Thickest part of the cornea

A

Stroma. Composed of keratocytes.

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19
Q

Endothelium of cornea has this

A

Simple squamous cells. They allow for diffusion from aqueous humor

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20
Q

Limbus is this junction

A

Connection between cornea and conjunctiva

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21
Q

Stem cells are in this corneal section

A

Corneoscleral limbus. Stem cells differentiate and eventually slough off.

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22
Q

Keratitis

A

Inflammation due to herpes or contacts. Cornea has sensory neurons to detect irritation

23
Q

Lasik surgery corrects this structure

A

Stroma

24
Q

Suspensory ligaments (zonule fibers) connect these structures

A

Ciliary body and lens

25
Q

Lens derives nutrients from this

A

Aqueous humor

26
Q

Ciliary body is this mass of tissue

A

Smooth muscle and connective tissue with connective suspensory ligaments

27
Q

Lens capsule increases this feature

A

Convexity

28
Q

Cataracts occur from this

A

Opaqueness of the lens. We create new fibers but do not get rid of old ones. Oxidative damage (iron-catalyzed free radical reactions) create an opaqueness

29
Q

Increased convexity results in this vision impairment

A

Near vision. Decreased convexity results in far vision

30
Q

This changes the lens shape

A

Ciliary muscle essentially creates a sphinchter around the lens

31
Q

Relaxed ciliary muscles cause this on the lens

A

Tension

32
Q

To see something close-up, your lens should be

A

Relaxed. The suspensory ligaments contract and the lens is more convex and allow for more refraction. This takes energy.

33
Q

Myopia

A

Near sighted. Eyeball too long. Refraction focuses before the retina

34
Q

Hyperopia

A

Far sighted. Eyeball too short. Refraction focuses behind the retina

35
Q

Schlemm’s canal function

A

Aqueous humor fluid passes through this collection of veins to flow out of the sclera. Fluid comes out of ciliary body, flows up around the iris, flows up to Schlemm’s canal

36
Q

Glaucoma

A

Build-up of aqueous humor. Adherence of iris blocks access of aqueous humor to schlemm’s canal.
Intraocular pressure can damage optic nerve.
Pressure also builds up on vitreous humor

37
Q

Iris primary function

A

Determines how much light goes into the pupil

38
Q

Iris is composed of this

A

Stroma- CT with melanocytes
Smooth muscle
Pigment epithelium (black screen ‘behind’ iris)

39
Q

Stroma is composed of this

A

CT ridges, blood vessels. This is the patterning seen on the iris. Fibroblasts with matrix in between

40
Q

Rayleigh scattering

A

Pattern of light that determines what we see as a result of the light’s refraction. Blue refracts more than red.

41
Q

Eye color is determined by this

A

Concentration of melanocytes in the stroma. This is at the bottom epithelial layer of the stroma.

42
Q

Stroma, not melanin, scatters _____ light

A

Blue

No melanin in stroma

43
Q

Why is melanin brown?

A

It’s a mix of black, red, and yellow.

It absorbs blue/green. Reflects yellow/red

44
Q

Sphinchter pupillae is ruled with __________ nerves

A

Parasympathetic

45
Q

Dilator pupillae is ruled with _________ nerves

A

Sympathetic

46
Q

Depth of field increase when the pupil does this

A

Pupil size decreases

47
Q

Ciliary ganglion is controlled by

A

Parasympathetic pathway. Component of the oculomotor nerve.

48
Q

Superior cervical ganglion is controlled by

A

Sympathetic pathway. Send axons out along the blood vessels to pass through the choroid and dilate the pupil.

49
Q

Vitreous body and humor composed of this

A

hyaluronic acid and type II collagen fibrils

50
Q

Eye floaters are this

A

Collagen fiber bundles cast shadows on retina

51
Q

The eye is an extension of the brain, coming from the neural tube. True or False?

A

True. The neural and pigmental layer come from this

52
Q

Lens is derived from _______, not neural tissue

A

Ectoderm

53
Q

Hyaloid artery is embryonic artery connecting these structures

A

vitreous body and lens

Hyaloid artery becomes hyaloid canal; remnants are floaters

Organ Systems III (10 decks)

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