Neuroanatomy overview Flashcards
what hormones differentiate dorsal and ventral axes?
Sonic hedgehog forms notocord. Bone morphogenetic protein from the ectoderm initiates formation of roof plate
BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) is excitatory, Shh is ____________
inhibitory
Interaction of BMP and Shh cause this
Segmentation. Shh inhibits formation that BMP begins. This results in a segmentation of the neural tube.
Dorsal is ___________. Ventral is __________.
- Sensory
2. Motor
Secondary neurulation forms this part of the spinal cord
Sacral portion. This is also derived from mesenchyme
Primary neurulation is derived from _____________
Ectoderm. Affects the neuropore.
Neural tube closes beginning ith this part
The neural plate
Incomplete closure of the ___________ causes spina bifida
Caudal neuropore
Anencephaly is failure of __________. This neural tube derivative does not grow.
- Wave 2 closure. No skull, and no cerebral hemispheres.
2. Telencephalon.
Spina bifida is prevented by _____________
Folate
Hindbrain (medulla and pons) is composed of _______
Myelencephalon and metencephalon
Midrain neural tube derivative
Mesencephalon
Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus neural tube derivative
Diencephalon
Cerebral hemisphere neural tube derivative
Telencephalon
Neural tube forms into the _________ and _____________
- Spinal canal
2. Ventricular system
Cephalic flexure forms this
Optical axes perpendicular to vertebral column and the cranial base flexion. This is an adaptation so our eyes are looking in the direction that allows us to function as upright beings. This is so the brain can adapt to our upright posture.
Pontine flexure forms this
Areas of the 4th ventricle. This allows for the formation of the cerebellum
Grey matter is divided into these three things
Sensory (dorsal), autonomic (intermediate), and motor areas (ventral).
Dorsal (sensory) horn is differentiated in _____
Rexed’s lamina
Afferents convey this to lamina 1-5
tactile, proprioceptive, pain, and temperature sensations
Dorsal column is composed by these upward bands of axons
Fasciculus graciis and fasciculus cuneatus
Three segments of white matter of spinal cord
- Dorsal funiculus
- Lateral funiculus
- Ventral funiculus
Lateral funiculus contains this
The anterolateral system. Downward direction axons of corticospinal tract makes your muscles move.
Ventral funiculus contains this
Propriospinal tract. Reticulospinal tract has descending axons that go into grey matter. The anterior corticospinal tract is similar to lateral corticospinal tract in which….?
This connects the cerebellum and pons
Cerebellar peduncles
Midrain is composed of these 4 things
- Substantia nigra (dopamine)
- Periaqueductal grey
- Superior and Inferior Colliculi
- Red nucleus
The function of the periaqueductal grey
Regulates pain and stress responses
Colliculi function
Superior looks; inferior listens
Midbrain’s cerebral peduncle contains these
Sensory and motor pathways to and from spinal cord, brain stem and cortex
Diencephalon contains these regions
Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus (pineal gland)
Thalamus conveys this information
Sensory
This connects to the diencephalon (hypothalamus portion)
Pituitary gland- considered a portion of the diencephalon (just posterior pituitary)
Thalamus function
nuclei process and distribute sensory and motor information to and from cerebral cortex
This pathway that allows the cortex to focus on certain sensory stimuli
VMpo ????
Anterior pituitary communicates to hypothalamus by this
Blood. Posterior pituitary communicates by a direct neural connection
Anterior pituitary is derived from
Ectoderm- part of the stomadeum
Posterior pituitary is derived from
Neural tube ?????
Prefrontal cortex functions
Ideation: decision making from experiental circumstance
Reticular formation occurs this way
Sensory input projects to the cortex, limbic structures, and spinal cord arousal. Stimulated by all sensory stimulation
Limbic system is composed of this
- Prefrontal area (orbital and medial prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus)
- Temporal area (parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala)
- Ventral striatum (ventral basal ganglia, nucleus accumbens)
White matter bundles interconnects these cortical reions
Superior longitudinal and occipitofrontal fasciculi, arcuate fibers, corpus callosum
