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Neuro Exam 2 > Visual System > Flashcards

Visual System Flashcards

1
Q

image on the retina is _____ and _____

A

inverted and reversed

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2
Q

central fixation point is on the

A

fovea

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3
Q

blind spot is where…

A

optic nerve attaches

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4
Q

nearsightedness is called

A

myopia

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5
Q

myopia eye length

A

longer than normal

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6
Q

myopia hits light where on retina?

A

in front of

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7
Q

farsightedness is called

A

hyperopia

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8
Q

hyperopia light focus is where on retina?

A

behind the retina

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9
Q

eye length for hyperopia?

A

eye is shorter than normal

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10
Q

when you see blurry and distorted images

A

astigmatism

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11
Q

cornea is shaped as what in astigmatism?

A

football

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12
Q

retina is made up of whAT?

A

rods and cones

bipolar cells

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13
Q

deepest retinal layer

photoreceptors

A

rods and cones

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14
Q

intermediate retinal layer

information integrating neurons

A

bipolar cells

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15
Q

Works at low levels of illumination, insensitive to color, limited resolution

A

scotopic rod

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16
Q

Works at high levels of illumination, responsible forcolor vision, sharp vision, and acuity

A

photopic cone

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17
Q

dark light, whats activated?

A

rods

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18
Q

bright light, whats activated?

A

cones

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19
Q

cones are densest where

A

macula lutea

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20
Q

cones have keenest vision where

A

fovea

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21
Q

rods contain what protein pigment?

A

rhodopsin

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22
Q

Three different types of cones with pigment sensitiveto either

A

blue, green, or red wavelengths

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23
Q

(Deuteranopia/Protanopia)

A

red/green color blindness

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24
Q

(Tritanopia)

A

blue yellow color blindness

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25
Q

Achromatopsia

A

condition of no cones- ONLY RODS

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26
Q

Information-integrating neurons that exit eyeball as the optic nerve

A

ganglion cells in retina

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27
Q

ganglion cells are located in what layer?

A

superficial layer

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28
Q

Circular, elevated region where ganglion cell

axons gather to leave the eye as the optic nerve

A

optic disk (blind spot)

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29
Q

step 1:

Cells in retina convert light into

A

neural signals

30
Q

step 2:

Signals processed in retina and conveyed to

A

retinal output cells

31
Q

step 3:

Retinal output conveyed by axons that travel in

A

optic nerve
optic chiasm
optic tract

32
Q

step 4:

Axons synapse in ________ of the thalamus

A

lateral geniculate nucleus

33
Q

step 5:
From thalamus neurons travel in the?
within?
to?

A

optic radiations
internal capsule
primary visual cortex

34
Q

_______ signals cross midline at the optic chiasm projecting to contralateral
visual cortex.

A

nasal retina

35
Q

_________ signals continue ipsilaterally to project to the ipsilateral
cortex

A

temporal retina

36
Q

random black spot on right eye

A

monocular scotoma

37
Q

one eye black

A

monocular vision loss

38
Q

outside/sides white

A

bitemporal hemianopia

39
Q

same side of both eyes black

A

contralateral homonymous hemianopia

40
Q

upper 1/4 of same sides both eyes blocked

A

contralateral superior quadrantopia

41
Q

Retrochiasmal lesions - lesions of optic tracts, LGN, optic radiations, or visual cortex cause
homonymous hemianopia

A

homonymous hemianopia

42
Q

Causes include retinal infarcts, hemorrhage, degeneration, or infection.

A

monocular scotoma

43
Q

Causes: glaucoma, optic neuritis, elevated

intracranial pressure, optic glioma, schwannoma, menigioma, or trauma

A

monocular vision loss

44
Q

Damage to the optic chiasm
 Visual loss more typically asymmetric than is seen in diagram.
 Common lesions: pituitary adenoma, menigioma

A

bitemporal hemianopia

45
Q

Caused by lesions of the temproal lobe leading toinfarcts in the optic radiations
 “pie in the sky” defect

A

contralateral superior qudrantanopia

46
Q

Lesion in the parietal lobe cause interruptions in the upper portions of the optic radiations
 “pie on the floor” defect

A

contralateral inferior quadrantonopia

47
Q

An opacity of the lens resulting in decreased

acuity; vision hazy overall, particulary in glaring light

A

catarct

48
Q

what vision loss does NOT impact field of vision

A

cataract

49
Q

scotoma in cataract?

A

NO

50
Q

The deterioration of the macula, the central areaof the retina

  • central scotoma
  • side vision is fine
A

macular degeneration

51
Q

The leaking of retinal blood vessels may occur inadvanced or long-term diabetes; affects the
macula or the entire retina and vitreous.

A

diabetic retinopathy

52
Q

patchy scotoma

A

diabetic retinopathy

53
Q

chronic elevated eye pressure causes optic nerve atrophy and loss of peripheral vision

A

glaucoma

54
Q

can only see the middle

black on outside (scotoma)

A

glaucoma

55
Q

Congenital degeneration of the pigmented layerof the retina leads to a severe loss of peripheral
vision.

A

retinitis pigmentosa

56
Q

only a small part of middle vision can be seen, most of everything around is scotoma

A

retinitis pigmentosa

57
Q

Constriction of pupil due to

A

parasympathetic innervation

58
Q

Dilation of pupil due to

A

sympathetic innervation

59
Q

Functions to maintain the position of the eyes so
that the image of the object of interest is kept on the fovea of both eyes

  • move your head and fovea but you stay fixed on the object
A

fixation reflex

60
Q

Occurs when gaze is shifted from a distant object to a near one

  • looking from projector to ipad
A

near reflex

61
Q

denotes pupillary size inequality

A

aniscoria

62
Q

Axons of the retinal ganglion cells that project tothe pretectal area

A

afferent limb

63
Q

Interneurons of the pretectal area that terminate bilaterally in the Edinger-Westphal nuclei of the
oculomotor complex

A

reflex center

64
Q

inflammatory demyelinating disorder often relatedto multiple sclerosis
 Symptoms of eye pain, decreased acuity, and
impaired color vision
 Recovery is common

A

optic neuritis

65
Q

Optic disc swelling associated with elevatedintracranial pressure

A

papilledema

66
Q

Vascular lesions of the occipital lobe

 Both MCA and PCA nourish the cortical area representing the macula

A

macular sparing

67
Q

can perceive, but cannot understand meaning of what they see

A

visual agnosia

68
Q

Bilateral lesion of specific area of visual cortex

A

cortical blindness

69
Q

Face blindness

A

prosopagnosia

70
Q

prosopagnosia occurs to which cortex?

A

Damage to occipitotemporal cortex

71
Q

what are the 4 functions of the eye?

A

1] regulate amount of light
2] focus on objects near and far
3] maintain balance between regulation and focus
4] record pattern of incoming light

Neuro Exam 2 (5 decks)

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