Cognition and Language Flashcards
anatomic substrate of unit 1- luria model
reticular activating system
function of unit 1- luria model
arousal
impairments of unit 1
fluctuating responsiveness
decreased vigilance
becomes exhausted by minimal activity
fatigue
RAS comprises of what parts of the brainstem?
medulla has descending RAS system
pons and midbrain have ascending RAS
function of reticular formation
specific sensory input
maintains muscle tone of “antigravity muscles”
assists in regulation of respiration and heart rate
modulates sense of pain
basic functions of life
anatomic substrate of unit II
cerebral cortex
function of unit II
information processing (sensory, motor, visual, vestibular)
unit II impairments
problems with associating simple input
in different zones
unit III anatomic substrate
frontal lobe
unit III function
executive functions
where all the motor planning gets put together
unit III impairments
these people curse at you: behavior issues, difficulty motor planning and putting things together in sequence
how do the 3 units work together? what do they do?
unit 1: provides necessary cortical tone (able and alert)
unit 2: analyzes and synthesizes
unit 3: interaction, regulation, verification
association cortices are divided into:
unimodal (modality- specific)
heteromodal (higher order)
formulates motor programs involving multiple joints
somatosensory, visual, auditory, premotor, supplementary motor
unimodal (modality specific)
example of unimodal
motor programs like walking, riding a bike
What are the 3 units in Luria’s brain model?
1- RAS
2- Cerebral Cortex
3- Frontal lobes
heteromodal- higher order allows for what?
higher order- mental functions
heteromodal- multimodal does what
personal bubble
- requires integration of vestibular, visual, and proprioceptive inputs
multimodal association cortex is made up of?
lateral association cortex (posterior and anterior)
basomedial (limbic) association cortex
lateral- posterior association cortex does?
spatial cognition
facial recognition
lateral-anterior association area does what?
neural substrates for planning, foresight, insight, empathy, altruism, abstract reasoning, self-awareness and governing of emotion
also called contingency planning
executive function
nonsocial behaviors are mediated by
anterior association cortex
social behaviors are mediated by
limbic association cortex
basomedial )limbic) association cortex is involved with
emotional processing, performance evaluation and optimization
basomedial (limbic) association cortex plays a role in
problem solving, error recognition and anticipation
alert and oriented x3
person place time
wernicke’s area is responsible for
language processing
comprehension
this series of sounds= words
where is wernicke’s area located?
posterior 2/3 of superior temporal gyrus
wernicke’s has connections to what 2 lobes?
parietal and temporal
broca’s area does what?
motor program that produces words and sentences
broca’s area connects to what lobe
frontal lobe
listening and replying to speech
6 structures:
primary auditory cortex –> secondary auditory cortex –> wernicke’s area –> subcortical connections –> Broca’s area –> oral and throat region of sensorimotor cortex
primary auditory cortex (1 of 6)
auditory discrimination
secondary auditory cortex (2 of 6)
classification of sounds
language vs. other sounds
wernickes area (3 of 6)
auditory comprehension
vocabulary
subcortical connections (4 of 6)
link wernicke’s and broca’s area
broca’s area (5 of 6)
instructions for language output
oral and throat region of sensorimotor cortex
6 of 6
cortical output to speech muscles
Acquired impairment of the ability to
communicate through speech, writing, or gestures.
aphasia
Symptoms:
Decreased fluency of spontaneous speech
Extreme difficulty naming items
Phrase length fewer than 5 words
# content words exceeds # function words
Prosody (rhythm, stress, intonation) lacking in speech production
Comprehension is intact
broca’s aphasia
monotone
they know what they want to say but can’t say it
broca’s aphasia
Speech is empty, meaningless, and full of nonsensical errors
(inappropriate substitutions)
• Examples – saying “ink” instead of “pen” or “bus” instead of “taxi”
• Examples – saying “pish” instead of “fish” or “rot” instead of “rock”
wernicke’s aphasia
do not respond correctly
not processing what they are hearing
wernicke’s aphasia
Impaired Fluency
– Impaired Comprehension– Impaired Repetition
global aphasia
Normal fluency
– Normal comprehension– Naming impaired
– Impaired repetition
conduction aphasia
common etiology in middle cerebral artery
broca’s aphasia
common etiology is infarct to left MCA
wernicke’s aphasia
Infarct/lesion in the peri-Sylvian area thatinterrupts the arcuate fasciculus
conduction aphasia
difficulty naming objects and repeating what they hear
conduction aphasia
Resembles Broca’s, Wernicke’s, or Global
Repetition spared
transcortical aphasia
watershed infarct
transcortical aphasia
Impaired fluency
• Normal Comprehension• Spared Repetition
transcortical motor aphasia
Normal fluency
• Impaired comprehension• Intact repetition
transcortical sensory aphasia
Impaired fluency
• Impaired comprehension
Intact repetition
transcortical mixed aphasia
Impaired ability to swallow
• Pathology – usually brain stem involvement
dysphagia
Impairment in the oral production of speechdue to CNS or PNS lesion causing weakness, paralysis, or incoordination of the speech
musculature.
dysarthria
automatic repetition of sounds, words, phrases, or sentences that have just been
heard.
echolalia
