Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro Exam 2 > Exam 2 Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

what structure is primarily for unit 1

A

RAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what would unit 1 be doing in a given scenario?

A

basic functions of life, keep us awake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

impairment in unit 1 looks like what?

A

fluctuating responsivenes
no sensory input
like in a coma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is unit II

A

information processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what structure is primarily involved in unit II?

A

cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is unit III?

A

executive functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what structure is involved in unit III?

A

frontal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how do all 3 units function together?

A

unit 1- provides necessary cortical tone
unit 2- analyzes and synthesizes
unit 3- interaction, regulation, and verification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what questions do we ask when assessing cognition and what unit is being used?

A

unit 1: alert and oriented x3 (person, place, time)
unit 2: get up and walk to door; following directions
unit 3: problem solving, sequencing (doing things in order)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does wernicke’s aphasia present like?

A 
impaired comprehension
don't respond appropriately
"ink" instead of "pen"
empty, meaningless speech
spontaneous speech has normal fluency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how does broca’s aphasia present?

A

more content words than function words
short phrase length
difficulty naming items
lack of prosody- monotone voice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is intact in brocas aphasia?

A

comprehension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is primary structure that connects the two areas?

A

arcuate fasciculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

primary auditory cortex does

A

understand its sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

secondary auditory cortex

A

understand its language vs other sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

wernicke’s does what

A

comprehend, vocab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

subcortical connections does what

A

connect wernickes to brocas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

broca’s does what

A

instructions for language output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

oral and throat region of sensorimotor cortex does what

A

cortical output to speech muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

four functions of the limbic system

A

Homeostasis
Olfaction
Memory
Emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what structures are responsible for the 4 functions of limbic system

A

Homeostasis- hypothalamus
Olfaction- olfactory cortex
Memory- hippocampus
Emotion- amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

where is olfactory cortex located

A

base of the frontal lobe and medial aspect of the temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

connections of smell

A 
olfactory receptor neurons
olfactory nerves
mitral cells
olfactory bulbs
olfactory cortex
anterior olfactory nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

does olfactory cortex connect to thalamus?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

hippocampus function

A

storage: encodes and transfers new explicit memories to long term memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

amygdala function

A

encodes emotional aspect of memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

location of amygdala

A

frontal portion of temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

3 nuclei of amygdala? and functions?

A

corticomedial (cortical)- olfactory
basolateral- attaches emotional significance to stimuli
central- mediates emotional response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what function does Papez circuit do?

A

memory: establishes a connection between conscious and unconscious behavior

ex] getting lost on the way home

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what structures are involved in declarative memory?

A

medial temporal lobe
middle diencephalon
prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

3 stages of declarative memory

A

immediate
short
long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is procedural memory

A

practice is required to store it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

examples of tasks we learn b/c of procedural memory?

A

goniometry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what did we learn because of patient HM case

A

explicit memory depends on temporal lobe and implicit doesnt.
he lost declarative memory, he couldnt form new explicit memory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what condition did HM have post surgery?

A

anterograde amnesia= inability to store new info after an insult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What makes a sensory neuron different from a motor neuron?

A

sensory has 2 axons and cell body

motor has 1 axon and 1 dendrite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what has faster conduction speed:
larger or smaller?
myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

larger

myelinated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

functions of each type of axon conductors

A

largest- proprioception of skeletal muscles
medium- mechanoreceptors of skin
small- pain, cool temperature
unmyelinated xsmall- warm temperature, pain, itch

39
Q

Difference between proximal vs distal receptive fields?

A

proximal is larger and less dense

distal is smaller and more dense so it has better fine movement

40
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscles

A

superficial light touch and vibration

41
Q

merkel’s disks

A

superficial pressure

42
Q

pacinian corpuscles

A

subcutaneous touch and vibration

43
Q

ruffini endings

A

subcutaneous stretch of skin

44
Q

free nerve endings

A

coarse touch
nocioceptors
thermoreceptors

45
Q

structure of muscle spindle

A

fusiform shaped

tapered at both ends

46
Q

function of muscle spindle

A

sensory organ

proprioceptors that transmit info about muscle length, tension and load

47
Q

innervation type

alpha vs gamma

A 
alpha= larger and faster in golgi tendons and muscle spindles
gamma= small and myelinated one; pain and temperature; more so cooling, itch and pain
48
Q

intrafusal fibers vs extrafusal fibers

A

intrafusal is inside and ends connect to extrafusal; stretching muscles stretch these fibers

2 types: nuclear bag and chain

extrafusal is outside of the muscle spindle

49
Q

structure of golgi tendon organs

A

encapsulated nerve endings woven with collagen strands of the tendon

50
Q

function of golgi tendon organs

A

relays tension
controls speed for coordinated and fine movements
protective against muscle tears/pulls

activated to reduce effect of cramping

51
Q

where does dorsal column medial leminiscus decussate?

A

medulla

52
Q

synapses of dorsal column?

A

1st synapses with 2nd at nucleus cut or grac in medulla

2nd synapses with 3rd at VPL in thalamus

53
Q

what info does DC/ML transmit?

A

discriminative touch
conscious proprioception

*vibration, proprioception, light touch

54
Q

where does spinothalamic decussate?

A

grey matter of spinal cord

55
Q

synapses of spinothalamic tract?

A

1st synapses with 2nd immediately in grey matter of spinal cord.
2nd synapses with 3rd at VPL of thalamus.

56
Q

What information does the spinothalamictract transmit?

A

pain and temperature

57
Q

counterirritant theory

A

mechanoreceptors synpase to release enkephalins which inhibit pain signals but depressing release of substance P

58
Q

function of visual system

A

regulates
focuses
maintains relationship
records pattern

59
Q

visual pathway

A 
retina 
optic nerve
optic chiasm
optic tract
lateral geniculate body of thalamus
optic radiations
primary visual cortex
60
Q

rods does what kind of light

A

dark light

61
Q

cones does what kind of light

A

bright light

62
Q

ganglion cells do what for vision?

A

integrate all the info and send it back out

63
Q

retina lesion

A

monocular scotoma

64
Q

optic nerve lesion

A

monocular vision loss

65
Q

optic chiasm lesion

A

bitemporal hemianopia

66
Q

optic tract
optic radiations
upper and lower banks of calcarine fissure
lesion

A

contralateral homonymous hemianopia

67
Q

meyer’s loop

lower bank

A

contralateral superior quadrantanopia

68
Q

optic radiations

upper bank

A

contralateral inferior quadrantanopia

69
Q

what is unit 1

A

arousal

70
Q

where is hippocampus located?

A

temporal lobe

71
Q

what types of memory are long and short term?

A

declarative: both
nondeclarative: both
emotional: both

72
Q

what is procedural memorY?

A

the how to

motor programs

73
Q

other examples of procedural memory?

A

riding a bike
playing an instrument
catching and throwing

74
Q

what we learned from HM case

A

temporal lobes were removed to clear seizures

hippocampus is important for new memories

75
Q

what is a receptive field

A

an area innervated by cutaneous receptors

76
Q

stereognosis

A

you can touch things with eyes closed and know what it is

77
Q

gamma goes to which fiber

A

intrafusal- muscle spindle

78
Q

alpha goes to which fiber

A

extrafusal

79
Q

golgi tendons main function

A

protection

80
Q

dorsal column info

A

light touch

proprioception

81
Q

1st order neuron for DC begins where and ends where?

A

sensor receptor

nucleus cuneatus or gracilis

82
Q

2nd order starts and ends where?

A

nuc cut or grac

VPL

83
Q

3rd order ends where

A

primary somatosensory cortex

84
Q

gate control

A

theres pain, theres a gate you can close off to stop the pain

85
Q

counterirritant theory

A

in ADDITION to gate control that can help close off pain

86
Q

what type of sensory receptors is more focused at fovea?

A

cones

87
Q

what do cones do?

A

respond to bright light so theyre more sensitive to different colors

88
Q

endolymph goes in what direction vs angular movement?

A

opposite direction

89
Q

utricle and saccule are only responsive to what type of movement

A

linear

NOT rotational

90
Q

hair cells give impulse to?

A

axons and then to CN VIII to be interpreted

91
Q

striola does what?

A

changes direction of hair cells

92
Q

why is one side inhibited and one side excited?

A

balance

93
Q

learning and being able to use goniometer is what type of memory and structure responsible for this function?

A

procedural

cerebellum (movement)

Neuro Exam 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions