Exam 2 Review Flashcards
what structure is primarily for unit 1
RAS
what would unit 1 be doing in a given scenario?
basic functions of life, keep us awake
impairment in unit 1 looks like what?
fluctuating responsivenes
no sensory input
like in a coma
what is unit II
information processing
what structure is primarily involved in unit II?
cerebral cortex
what is unit III?
executive functions
what structure is involved in unit III?
frontal lobe
how do all 3 units function together?
unit 1- provides necessary cortical tone
unit 2- analyzes and synthesizes
unit 3- interaction, regulation, and verification
what questions do we ask when assessing cognition and what unit is being used?
unit 1: alert and oriented x3 (person, place, time)
unit 2: get up and walk to door; following directions
unit 3: problem solving, sequencing (doing things in order)
what does wernicke’s aphasia present like?
impaired comprehension don't respond appropriately "ink" instead of "pen" empty, meaningless speech spontaneous speech has normal fluency
how does broca’s aphasia present?
more content words than function words
short phrase length
difficulty naming items
lack of prosody- monotone voice
what is intact in brocas aphasia?
comprehension
What is primary structure that connects the two areas?
arcuate fasciculus
primary auditory cortex does
understand its sound
secondary auditory cortex
understand its language vs other sounds
wernicke’s does what
comprehend, vocab
subcortical connections does what
connect wernickes to brocas
broca’s does what
instructions for language output
oral and throat region of sensorimotor cortex does what
cortical output to speech muscles
four functions of the limbic system
Homeostasis
Olfaction
Memory
Emotion
what structures are responsible for the 4 functions of limbic system
Homeostasis- hypothalamus
Olfaction- olfactory cortex
Memory- hippocampus
Emotion- amygdala
where is olfactory cortex located
base of the frontal lobe and medial aspect of the temporal lobe
connections of smell
olfactory receptor neurons olfactory nerves mitral cells olfactory bulbs olfactory cortex anterior olfactory nucleus
does olfactory cortex connect to thalamus?
no
hippocampus function
storage: encodes and transfers new explicit memories to long term memories
amygdala function
encodes emotional aspect of memory
location of amygdala
frontal portion of temporal lobe
3 nuclei of amygdala? and functions?
corticomedial (cortical)- olfactory
basolateral- attaches emotional significance to stimuli
central- mediates emotional response
what function does Papez circuit do?
memory: establishes a connection between conscious and unconscious behavior
ex] getting lost on the way home
what structures are involved in declarative memory?
medial temporal lobe
middle diencephalon
prefrontal cortex
3 stages of declarative memory
immediate
short
long
what is procedural memory
practice is required to store it
examples of tasks we learn b/c of procedural memory?
goniometry
what did we learn because of patient HM case
explicit memory depends on temporal lobe and implicit doesnt.
he lost declarative memory, he couldnt form new explicit memory.
what condition did HM have post surgery?
anterograde amnesia= inability to store new info after an insult
What makes a sensory neuron different from a motor neuron?
sensory has 2 axons and cell body
motor has 1 axon and 1 dendrite
what has faster conduction speed:
larger or smaller?
myelinated or unmyelinated?
larger
myelinated
functions of each type of axon conductors
largest- proprioception of skeletal muscles
medium- mechanoreceptors of skin
small- pain, cool temperature
unmyelinated xsmall- warm temperature, pain, itch
Difference between proximal vs distal receptive fields?
proximal is larger and less dense
distal is smaller and more dense so it has better fine movement
Meissner’s Corpuscles
superficial light touch and vibration
merkel’s disks
superficial pressure
pacinian corpuscles
subcutaneous touch and vibration
ruffini endings
subcutaneous stretch of skin
free nerve endings
coarse touch
nocioceptors
thermoreceptors
structure of muscle spindle
fusiform shaped
tapered at both ends
function of muscle spindle
sensory organ
proprioceptors that transmit info about muscle length, tension and load
innervation type
alpha vs gamma
alpha= larger and faster in golgi tendons and muscle spindles gamma= small and myelinated one; pain and temperature; more so cooling, itch and pain
intrafusal fibers vs extrafusal fibers
intrafusal is inside and ends connect to extrafusal; stretching muscles stretch these fibers
2 types: nuclear bag and chain
extrafusal is outside of the muscle spindle
structure of golgi tendon organs
encapsulated nerve endings woven with collagen strands of the tendon
function of golgi tendon organs
relays tension
controls speed for coordinated and fine movements
protective against muscle tears/pulls
activated to reduce effect of cramping
where does dorsal column medial leminiscus decussate?
medulla
synapses of dorsal column?
1st synapses with 2nd at nucleus cut or grac in medulla
2nd synapses with 3rd at VPL in thalamus
what info does DC/ML transmit?
discriminative touch
conscious proprioception
*vibration, proprioception, light touch
where does spinothalamic decussate?
grey matter of spinal cord
synapses of spinothalamic tract?
1st synapses with 2nd immediately in grey matter of spinal cord.
2nd synapses with 3rd at VPL of thalamus.
What information does the spinothalamictract transmit?
pain and temperature
counterirritant theory
mechanoreceptors synpase to release enkephalins which inhibit pain signals but depressing release of substance P
function of visual system
regulates
focuses
maintains relationship
records pattern
visual pathway
retina optic nerve optic chiasm optic tract lateral geniculate body of thalamus optic radiations primary visual cortex
rods does what kind of light
dark light
cones does what kind of light
bright light
ganglion cells do what for vision?
integrate all the info and send it back out
retina lesion
monocular scotoma
optic nerve lesion
monocular vision loss
optic chiasm lesion
bitemporal hemianopia
optic tract
optic radiations
upper and lower banks of calcarine fissure
lesion
contralateral homonymous hemianopia
meyer’s loop
lower bank
contralateral superior quadrantanopia
optic radiations
upper bank
contralateral inferior quadrantanopia
what is unit 1
arousal
where is hippocampus located?
temporal lobe
what types of memory are long and short term?
declarative: both
nondeclarative: both
emotional: both
what is procedural memorY?
the how to
motor programs
other examples of procedural memory?
riding a bike
playing an instrument
catching and throwing
what we learned from HM case
temporal lobes were removed to clear seizures
hippocampus is important for new memories
what is a receptive field
an area innervated by cutaneous receptors
stereognosis
you can touch things with eyes closed and know what it is
gamma goes to which fiber
intrafusal- muscle spindle
alpha goes to which fiber
extrafusal
golgi tendons main function
protection
dorsal column info
light touch
proprioception
1st order neuron for DC begins where and ends where?
sensor receptor
nucleus cuneatus or gracilis
2nd order starts and ends where?
nuc cut or grac
VPL
3rd order ends where
primary somatosensory cortex
gate control
theres pain, theres a gate you can close off to stop the pain
counterirritant theory
in ADDITION to gate control that can help close off pain
what type of sensory receptors is more focused at fovea?
cones
what do cones do?
respond to bright light so theyre more sensitive to different colors
endolymph goes in what direction vs angular movement?
opposite direction
utricle and saccule are only responsive to what type of movement
linear
NOT rotational
hair cells give impulse to?
axons and then to CN VIII to be interpreted
striola does what?
changes direction of hair cells
why is one side inhibited and one side excited?
balance
learning and being able to use goniometer is what type of memory and structure responsible for this function?
procedural
cerebellum (movement)
