Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience > Visual System > Flashcards

Visual System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 10 layers of the retina?

A
  1. Inner limiting membrane – tight junctions of Muller cells
  2. Ganglion cell axons – form optic nerve at optic disc
  3. Ganglion cells – M‐type and P‐type cells
  4. Inner plexiform (synaptic zone) layer – synapses between bipolar and
    ganglion cells (amacrine cells modulate output of bipolar cells)
  5. Inner nuclear layer – cell bodies of bipolar, horizontal and amacrine cells;
    nuclei of Muller cells
  6. Outer plexiform layer – synapses between photoreceptors and bipolar cells
    (horizontal cells modulate output of photoreceptors)
  7. Outer nuclear layer – cell bodies of rods & cones
  8. Outer limiting membrane – tight junctions of Muller cells
  9. Photoreceptor layer – phototransduction by rods and cones
  10. Pigmented epithelium – metabolic support for tips of photoreceptors; absorb
    stray photons of light
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Are there action potentials in the rods and cones?

A

NO!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where are the first action potentials of the retina?

A

In the axon of ganglion cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are characteristics of rods?

A

Highly sensitive and specialized for night vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are characteristics of cones?

A

Low sensitivity and specialized for daylight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the order of cells that light hits NOT at the fovea?

A

Ganglion Cells
Interneurons
Photoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is special about the fovea in the retina?

A

There are only cones and NO RODS.

There is also only photoreceptors and NO blood vessels, interneurons or ganglion cells are present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the pathway from the retina to the visual cortex?

A

Optic nerve ->
Optic chiasm (axons from nasal retina cross here) ->
Optic Tract ->
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (thalamus) ->
Optic Radiations (geniculocalcarine tract) ->
Visual Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 2 main classes of ganglion cells?

A

M-type: Large cell bodies and dense arborizations, 50 rods to 1 ganglion cell; large receptive fields; transient response to continuous light (rapidly adapting); respond best to movement and large objects; RODS

P-type: Small cell bodies, with 1:1 relation to cones; small receptive fields; more numerous near fovea; wavelength selective (color); respond best to color and fine detail (high acuity); CONES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What visual information enters the brainstem via the pretectal area?

A

Information for pupillary reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What visual information enters the brainstem via the superior colliculus?

A

Information for head and eye movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the optic radiations of the upper and lower fibers?

A

Upper Fibers - correspond to lower field of vision and are via the parietal lobe

Lower Fibers - correspond to the upper field of vision and is done via the Meyer’s Loop of the temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What results in a lesion of the right optic nerve?

A

Blind Right Eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What results in a lesion of the optic chiasm?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia - vision is narrowed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What results in a lesion of the right optic tract?

A

Left homonymous hemianopia - loss of both left fields

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What results in a lesion of the fibers of the Meyer’s Loop in the right temporal lobe?

A

Left homonymous upper quadrantanopia (“Pie in the Sky” lesion) - loss of left upper quadrants in both eyes

17
Q

What results in a lesion of the lateral geniculate body?

A

Left homonymous hemianopia - loss of both left fields

18
Q

What results in a lesion of the optic radiation fibers?

A

Left homonymous lower quadrantanopia (macular sparing often present) - loss of lower left quadrants in both eyes

19
Q

What results in a lesion of the calcarine sulcus?

A

Left homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing - like with optic tract and lateral geniculate but with macular sparing

20
Q

What is the direct and consensual pupillary reflex?

A

The response of the illuminated eye is the direct reflex, the response of the unilluminated eye is the consensual response. Both pupils constrict due to the bilateral connections to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus by the optic fibers traveling through the brachium of the superior colliculus to the pretectal area.

21
Q

What is the accommodation reflex?

A

It consists of vergence of the eyes (contraction of both medial recti muscles), ciliary muscle constriction (which causes the lens to thicken by releasing tension on the zonular fibers), and constriction of both pupils which improves optical performance and reduces light entering the eye due to greater reflectance from the nearer object.

22
Q

Describe the pathway of the accommodation reflex.

A

Visual Cortex in Occipital Lobe -> Lateral Geniulate Nucleus in Thalamus -> Occulomotor Nucleus

23
Q

What does optic nerve damage result in regards to the pupillary reflex?

A

It produces equal pupils, neither of which responds to light shone in the eye ipsilateral to the lesion, but both eyes respond normally to light shone in the contralateraleye.

24
Q

What does occulomotor nerve damage result in regards to the pupillary reflex?

A

It causes a dilated ipsilateral pupil that does not respond to light shone into either eye. The contralateral eye will still respond to direct and consensual reflexes.

25
Q

What are the effects of Horner’s syndrome?

A

It (loss of sympathetic output to the head) will result in a meiotic (constricted) pupil, ptosis of the eyelid, and anhydrosis (loss of sweating) ipsilateral to the lesion.

26
Q

What is the corneal blink reflex initiated by?

A

It is initiated by free nerve endings in the cornea and involves the trigeminal nerve and ganglion.

27
Q

What are the 3 hypercolumns in the visual cortex?

A

Orientation - spatial representation
Blobs - color specificity
Occular Dominance - left or right

28
Q

What are the 3 pathways for evaluating motion, form and color?

A
  1. Magnocellular - motion and spatial relationships - stereopsis and 3-D effects (where is an object).
  2. Parvocellular Interblob - depth & form - sensitive to edges, stationary objects and shapes (fine details; what an object is)
  3. Parvocellular Blobs - color sensitivity (what an object is)
29
Q

What are the two ways that the eye detects motion?

A
  1. The object moves across the retina as the retina is stationary.
  2. The head and eyes move along the image
30
Q

What are the 3 cone systems of the retina?

A

Red
Blue
Green

31
Q

What are the visual pathways?

A 
Optic Nerve
Optic Chiasm
Optic Tract
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
Geniculocalcatine Tract/Optic Radiations
32
Q

What are the regions of the optic tract?

A

Pretectal Region -Projects to the ipsilateral and contralateral (via the posterior commissure) Edinger‐Westphal nuclei of the midbrain. Part of the afferent limb of the pupillary light reflex.

Superior Colliculus - Connects to the oculomotor, abducens, and trochlear nuclei. Involved in eye movements and movement‐detection circuits (saccades)

33
Q

What are the parts of the lateral geniculate nucleus?

A

Parvocellular Portion - Consists of the four outer laminae (two from each eye, which alternate). Receives axons from small retinal ganglion cells. Sends information to the cortex and is involved in color vision and high
visual acuity.

Magnocellular Portion - Consists of the two inner laminae (one from each eye). Receives axons from large retinal ganglion cells. Sends information to the cortex and is involved in fast visual perception of movement, depth, and contrast lumination but NOT color
discrimination.

34
Q

What is the Brodman’s number for the occipital lobe?

A

Area 17

Neuroscience (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions