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Neuroscience > Development of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Development of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What embryonic tissue does the nervous system develop from?

A

Ectoderm

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2
Q

When is the development of the neural plate induced, and what is it induced by?

A

By the end of the 3rd week of development and it is induced by the notochord, which is of mesodermal origin and the anterior notochord thickens, which forms the neural plate.

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3
Q

What does the neural crest differentiate into?

A

Distinct neurons, such as:

  • Cranial Nerve Sensory Ganglion Cells
  • Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells
  • Postganglionic Autonomic Ganglion Cells
  • Chromaffin Cells of Adrenal Medulla
  • Schwann Cells
  • Melanocytes
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4
Q

What are the 3 main vesicles of the anterior neural tube in the early stage?

A

Prosencephalon - forebrain
Mesencephalon - midbrain
Rhomboenchephalon - hindbrain

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5
Q

What does the caudal aspect of the neural tube become?

A

Spinal Cord

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6
Q

What are the 5 main vesicles of the anterior neural tube in the later stage?

A 
Telencephalon
Optic Vesicle
Diencephalon
Pons (Metencephalon)
Medulla (Myelencephalon)
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7
Q

What does the prosencephalon form?

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

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8
Q

What does the mesencephalon form?

A

Mesencephalon - remains

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9
Q

What does the rhomboencephalon form?

A

Metencephalon

Myelencephelon

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10
Q

What develops from the telencephalon?

A

Cerebral Cortex
Basal Ganglia
Amygdala
Hippocampus

Lateral Ventricles

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11
Q

What develops from the diencephalon?

A 
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Choroid Plexus
Pituitary Gland (neurohypophysis) -> only half
Pineal Gland

3rd Ventricle

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12
Q

What develops from the mesencephalon?

A

Midbrain

Cerebral Aqueduct

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13
Q

What develops from the metencephalon?

A

Pons
Cerebellum

4th Ventricle

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14
Q

What develops from the myelencephalon?

A

Medulla

Central Canal

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15
Q

What is the inner layer of the neural tube?

A

Ventricular

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16
Q

What is the intermediate layer of the neural tube?

A

Mantle

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17
Q

What is the outer layer of the neural tube?

A

Marginal

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18
Q

Describe the migration of cells in the neural tube?

A

They migrate from the ventricular to the marginal layer, with the mantle layer forming the gray matter and the ventricular layer forming the white matter.

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19
Q

What is the groove that appears at the midpoint of the neural tube during development called?

A

Sulcus Limitans

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20
Q

What forms the Alar Plate?

A

Cells migrating dorsal to the sulcus limitans

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21
Q

What forms the Basal Plate?

A

Cells migrating ventral to the sulcus limitans

22
Q

What do the neurons in the Alar Plate contribute to?

A

Sensory

23
Q

What do the neurons in the Basal Plate contribute to?

A

Motor

24
Q

What nerve groups are located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord?

A

GSA
GVA

Sensory

25
Q

What nerve groups are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord?

A

GVE
GSE

Motor

26
Q

Describe the motor and sensory division in the medulla.

A

Motor divisions are medial and sensory divisions are lateral.

27
Q

What are the foramen of the hindbrain ?

A

Foramen of Luschka - lateral (2 of them)

Foramen of Magendie - medial (only 1)

28
Q

What are the 3 regions of the midbrain?

A

Tectal Region - dorsal
Tegmentum - intermedial
Peduncular - ventral

29
Q

What is the sensory region of the midbrain?

A

Tectal Region

30
Q

What is the motor region of the midbrain?

A

Tegmentum

31
Q

What is the sensory modulating center of the brain?

A

Thalamus

32
Q

What are the structures that cross the midline of the brain and connect the left and right hemispheres?

A

Anterior Commissure
Posterior Commissure
Corpus Callosum

33
Q

What are some neural tube defects?

A

Spina Bifida Occulta - incomplete closure of the neural tube and it does not usually present problems

Spina Bifida Cystica - bulging of the neural tube out

Rachischisis - failure of the neural tube to form

34
Q

Does the nervous system form before the skull?

A

Yes

35
Q

What are the cranial defects?

A

Menigocele - only arachnoid
Meningoencephalocele - brain and arachnoid
Meningohydroencephalocele - brain, arachnoid and the ventricle

36
Q

What does the rostral part of the neural tube become?

A

Brain

37
Q

What does the caudal part of the neural tube become?

A

Spinal Cord

38
Q

What does failure of the closure of the anterior neural tube cause?

A

Upper Neural Tube Defects

39
Q

What does the failure of the closure of the posterior neural tube cause?

A

Lower Neural Tube Defects

40
Q

What is neurocristopathy?

A

Any disease related to maldevelopment of neural crest cells

41
Q

What is medullary carcinoma (MC) of thyroid?

A

It is is an endocrine neoplasm of the parafollicular cells of neural crest origin that secrete calcitonin.

42
Q

What is Schwannoma?

A

A benign tumor of Schwann cells of neural crest origin.

43
Q

What is neurofibromatosis type 1?

A

Mutation of the gene coding for neurofibromin. Neurofibromin down‐regulates p21 ras oncoprotein so that the NF1 gene belongs to the family of tumor‐ suppressor genes, so neural tumors form.

44
Q

What is the caudal eminence?

A

It arises from the primitive streak and gives rise to the sacral and coccygeal segments of the spinal cord.

45
Q

When does myelination of the spinal cord begin? What myelinated the CNS? The PNS?

A

At 4 months. Oligodendrocytes myelinate the CNS and Schwann cells myelinate the PNS.

46
Q

What does the adenohypophysis develop from?

A

Rathke’s pouch

47
Q

What does the neurohypophysis develop from?

A

Infundibulum

48
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

Spina bifida occurs when the bony vertebral arches fail to form properly, thereby creating a vertebral defect usually in the lumbosacral region. It is due primarily to expectant mothers not taking enough folic acid during pregnancy.

49
Q

What are the types of spin bifida?

A

Spina bifida occulta - is evidenced by multiple dimples present on the back of the infant and is the least severe

Spina bifida with meningocele - occurs when the meninges protrude through a vertebral defect and form a sac filled with CSF

Spina bifida with meningomyelocele - occurs when the meninges and spinal cord protrude through a vertebral defect and form a sac filled with CSF

Spina bifida with rachischisis - occurs when the posterior neuropore of the neural tube fails to close during week 4 of development and is the most severe

50
Q

What are the variations of cranial bifida?

A

Menigocele - meninges protrude

Meningoencephalocele - meninges and brain protrude

Meningohydroencephalocele - meninges, brain and ventricle protrude

Neuroscience (19 decks)

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