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Neuroscience > Brainstem > Flashcards

Brainstem Flashcards

1
Q

All of the cranial nerves emerge from the brainstem except which ones?

A

Olfactory Nerve

Optic Nerve

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2
Q

What cranial nerves emerge from the midbrain?

A

CN III

CN IV

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3
Q

What cranial nerves emerge from the pons?

A

CN V
CN VI
CN VII
CN VIII

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4
Q

What cranial nerves emerge from the medulla?

A

CN IX
CN X
CN XI
CN XII

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5
Q

What are the functions of the brainstem?

A

Conduit - transfers information from the spinal cord to the brain and back

Cranial Nerves - analogous sensorimotor functions for the head that is found in the body

Integrative Function - reticular formation controls the maintenance of consciousness

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6
Q

What part of the brainstem includes the pyramids, olives and 4th ventricle?

A

Medulla

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7
Q

What part of the brainstem includes the basal pons, middle cerebellar peduncles and 4th ventricle?

A

Pons

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8
Q

What post of the brainstem includes the superior and inferior colliculi, cerebral peduncles and the cerebral aqueduct?

A

Midbrain

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9
Q

What is lateral to the 3rd ventricle?

A

Thalamus

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10
Q

What is the tectum?

A

Dorsal Part of the Midbrain

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11
Q

What are the parts of the brainstem involved in vision?

A

Superior Colliculus
Lateral Geniculate
Optic Nerve

SLO

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12
Q

What are the parts of the brainstem involved in hearing?

A

Auditory Nerve
Inferior Colliculus
Medial Geniculate

AIM

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13
Q

What is the function of the Spinal Tract of CN V?

A

It has a similar function to the STT, albeit in the head. It relays pain and temperature information in the head.

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14
Q

What structure is the spinal nucleus of V equivalent to?

A

Nucleus Propius

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15
Q

What structures can be found at the level of the caudal medulla (closed medulla)?

A 
Pyramids
Internal arcuate fibers
Nucleus gracilis
Nucleus cuneatus
Spinal tract and nucleus of V
Medial lemniscus
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16
Q

What structures can be found at the level of the rostral medulla (open medulla)?

A

Inferior cerebellar peducle
Inferior olivary nucleus
Wide open 4th ventricle
Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)

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17
Q

What structures can be found at the level of the caudal pons?

A 
Deep cerebellar nuclei (fat guys eat donuts - fastigal, globose, emboliform, dentate)
Basal pons
Pontine gray nuclei
Ponto-cerebellar fibers (mossy fibers)
Middle cerebellar peduncle (HUGE)
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18
Q

What structures can be found at the level of the rostral pons?

A

Large basal pons
Medial lemniscus preparing to enter the thalamus “upside-down” (VPL)
STT entering VPL also
Beginning of PAG (peri aqueductal gray) - pain and autonomic functions
Superior cerebellar peduncle - preparing to decussate on way to red nucleus

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19
Q

What structures can be found at the level of the caudal midbrain?

A 
Crossing of the SCP
Formation of a true aqueduct
Appearance of the inferior colliculus (slo-aim) IC deals with auditory functions via the medial geniculate
Cerebral peduncles (feet of the cerebrum) replace the basal pons. CST runs in center
20
Q

What structures can be found at the level of the rostral midbrain?

A

Red Nucleus—end of SCP, beginning of RST Substantia Nigra—dopamine—
CN III
Big fat well defined choroid plexus’

21
Q

What neurotransmitter does the locus ceruleus contain?

A

Noradrenaline

22
Q

What neurotransmitter do the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area contain?

A

Dopamine

23
Q

What do lesions of the ventral tegmental area cause?

A

Some form of mental illness

24
Q

What do lesions of the substantia nigra cause?

A

Parkinson’s Disease

25
Q

What do the neurons of the raphe contain?

A

Serotonin

26
Q

What do the neurons of the rostral brainstem and basal forebrain contain?

A

Acetylcholine

27
Q

What are the 2 key nuclei in the basal forebrain?

A

Meynert

Septal

28
Q

Where does the Meynert nucleus project to?

A

Widespread areas of the cerebrum

29
Q

Where do the septal nuclei project?

A

Hippocampus

30
Q

What does the destruction of the cholinergenic pathways cause?

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

31
Q

What is the brainstem level of the red nucleus?

A

Rostral Midbrain

32
Q

What is the brainstem level of the inferior colliculus?

A

Caudal Midbrain

33
Q

What is the brainstem level of the nucleus gracilus?

A

Caudal Medulla

34
Q

What is the brainstem level of the inferior olivary nucleus?

A

Rostral Medulla

35
Q

What is the brainstem level of the decussation of the SCPs?

A

Caudal Midbrain

36
Q

What is the main artery of the olive?

A

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery and Vertebral Artery

37
Q

What is the main artery of the basal pons?

A

Basilar Artery

38
Q

What is the main artery of the middle cerebellar peduncle?

A

Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery

39
Q

What is the main artery of the cerebral peduncle?

A

Posterior Cerebral Artery

40
Q

What is the main artery of the inferior cerebellar peduncle?

A

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery

41
Q

What is implicated in Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Dopamine

42
Q

What is synthesized mainly by neurons near the midline through out the brainstem reticular formation?

A

Serotonin

43
Q

What is used as a transmitter by neurons of the locus ceruleus?

A

Norepinephrine

44
Q

What is used as a transmitter by neurons that project from the basal nucleus to widespread cortical areas?

A

Acetylcholine

45
Q

What is the medial lemniscus?

A

The medial lemniscus is formed by the crossings of internal arcuate fibers. Lesion of the medial lemnisci causes an impairment of vibratory and touch-pressure sense.

Neuroscience (19 decks)

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