Visual Perception And Attention

Question 1

Experiences resulting from simulation of the senses

Answer 1

Perception

Question 2

Its role extends beyond identifying objects or helping us take action within our environment

Answer 2

Perception

Question 3

inform us about what is “out there” in the environment

Answer 3

Perception

Question 4

built on a foundation of information from the environment

Answer 4

Perception

Question 5

selective inability to recognize faces that does not involve other kinds of vision difficulties

Answer 5

Prosopagnosia

Question 6

cannot recognize the photographs of famous individuals, but when the patient is tested on other kinds of complex visual discrimination tasks, no deficit is found

Answer 6

Prosopagnosia (prosopagnosic patient)

Question 7

A speech sound or phonological segment that makes a
difference in meaning is called a?

Answer 7

Phoneme

Question 8

the sequence of events from eye to brain.

Answer 8

Bottom-up processing

Question 9

It begins with the external stimulus — such as a tree or the smell of cookies — and then that sensory information moves to the brain for analysis.

Answer 9

Bottom-up processing

Question 10

perception also involves factors such as person’s knowledge of the environment, the expectations people bring to perceptual situation and their attention to specific stimuli.

Answer 10

Top-down processing

Question 11

Data-driven analysis of stimuli relies on sensory perception, analysis i the appropriate sensory processing area of the brain, derives meaning through analysis only not based on prior knowledge.

Answer 11

Bottom-up processing

Question 12

Processing type that can be experienced through sensation.

Answer 12

Bottom-up

Question 13

Processing type that can be experienced through perception

Answer 13

Top-down

Question 14

Describe approaches in which perception starts with the stimuli whose appearance you take in through your eye. These are data-driven or stimulus driven theories.
“To see is to believe”

Answer 14

Bottom-up

Question 15

The information in our sensory receptors, including the sensory context is all we need to perceive anything.

Answer 15

Gibson’s theory of Direct Perception

Question 16

in the real world, sufficient contextual information usually exist to make perceptual judgements. We do not need to appear to higher level intelligent processes to explain perception but rather use contextual information directly.

Answer 16

Gibson’s theory of direct Perception

Question 17

Bottom-up theories

Answer 17

Direct Perception Theory
Template Theory
Feature Matching Theories
Recognition by Components Theory

Question 18

the information in our sensory receptors, including the sensory context, is all we need to perceive anything.

Answer 18

Theory of Direct Perception

Question 19

which means that we do not need higher cognitive processes or anything else to mediate between our sensory experiences and our perceptions.

Answer 19

Ecological Perception

Question 20

the farther away an object is, the less you see

Answer 20

In depth perception

Question 21

Suggests that our minds store myriad sets of templates.

Answer 21

Template Theories

Question 22

Belongs to the group of chunk-based theories, these theories suggest that expertise is attained by acquiring chunks of knowledge

Answer 22

Templates Theories

Question 23

We attempt to match features of a pattern to features stored in memory, rather than to match a whole pattern to a template or a prototype.

Answer 23

Feature Matching Theories

Question 24

Theorized by Oliver Selfridged

Answer 24

Pandemonium Model

Question 25

Who theorized pandemonium model

Answer 25

Oilver Selfridged

Question 26

refers to a noisy, chaotic place and hell

Answer 26

Pandemonium

Question 27

In this model, metaphorical demons with specific duties receive and analyze the features of a stimulus

Answer 27

Pandemonium Model

Question 28

Pandemonium Model consists of four kinds of demons:

Answer 28

image demons, feature demons, cognitive demons, and decision demons

Question 29

receives the retinal image and pass it on feature demons.

Answer 29

Image demons

Question 30

calls out when matches are made between the stimulus and the given feature.

Answer 30

Feature demons

Question 31

shout out possible patterns stored in memory that conform to one or more of the features noticed by the feature demons.

Answer 31

Cognitive thinking demons

Question 32

listens to the pandemonium of the cognitive demons. It decides on what has been seen, based on which cognitive demon is shouting the most frequently (matching features)

Answer 32

Decision Demons

Question 33

we quickly recognize objects by observing the edges of them and then decomposing the objects into geons.

Answer 33

Recognition by Components Theory

Question 34

Explains how we may recognize general instances of chairs, lamps and faces

Answer 34

Recognition by Components Theory

Question 35

Proposed by Max Wertheimer, and gestalt was based on the notion of “the whole is more than the sum of its parts”.

Answer 35

Gestalt theory

Question 36

When perceiving a visual field,some objects (figures) seem prominent, and other aspects of the field cede into the background ( ground)

Answer 36

Figure-ground

Question 37

When we perceive an assortment of objects, we tend to see objects that are close to each other as forming a group.

Answer 37

Proximity

Question 38

We tend to group obejcts that are close to each other as forming a group.

Answer 38

Similarity

Question 39

We tend to perceive smoothly flowing or continuous forms rather than disruptive or discontinuous ones.

Answer 39

Continuity

Question 40

We tend to perceptually close up, or complete, object that are not, in fact, complete.

Answer 40

Closure

Question 41

We tend to perceive objects as forming mirror images about their center.

Answer 41

Symmetry

Question 42

According to Martha Farah, we recognize patterns according to two systems.

Answer 42

Recognizing patterns and faces

Question 43

Specializes in recognizing larger configurations, not analyzing parts of objects or the construction of the objects.

Answer 43

Feature Analysis System

Question 44

Specializes in recognizing larger configurations, not analyzing parts of objects or the construction of the objects.

Answer 44

Configurational System

Question 45

This system is most relevant to recognizing faces

Answer 45

Configurational System

Question 46

Have trouble perceiving sensory information

Answer 46

Agnosia

Question 47

Often caused by damaged to the border of the temporal and occipital lobes or restricted oxygen flow to areas of the brain, sometimes as a result of traumatic brain injury.

Answer 47

Agnosia

Question 48

An individual is unable to pay attention to more than one object at a time.

Answer 48

Simultagnosia

Question 49

such ready object recognition fails as a result of difficulties in identifying the visual features that define a perceptual category.

Answer 49

Apperceptive Agnosia

Question 50

object recognition fails because of difficulties in identifying the functional features that define a semantic category

Answer 50

Associative Agnosia

Question 51

Results in severely impaired ability to recognize human faces.

Answer 51

Prosopagnosia

Question 52

inability to interpret sensations and hence to recognize things, typically as a result of brain damage.

Answer 52

Agnosia

Question 53

An impaired ability to use the visual system to guide movement.

Answer 53

Optic Ataxia

Question 54

Have trouble reaching for things.

Answer 54

Optic Ataxia

Question 55

Results from a processing failure in the posterior parietal cortex where sensorimotor information is processed

Answer 55

Optic Ataxia

Question 56

People with this condition have no color vision at all.

Answer 56

Rod Monochromacy/achromacy

Question 57

They only see shades of gray as a function of their vision through the rods of the eye

Answer 57

Rod Monochromacy / Achromacy

Question 58

The most common is___________ color blindness.

Answer 58

red-green

Question 59

The extreme form of red-green color blindness is called

Answer 59

Protanopia

Question 60

trouble seeing greens with symptoms similar to protanopia

Answer 60

Euteranopia

Question 61

confusion of blues and greens, and yellows that disappear or appear as light shades of reds

Answer 61

Tritanopia

Question 62

multifaceted cognitive process that allows us to select and focus on specific stimuli while filtering out distractions.

Answer 62

Attention

Question 63

It plays a crucial role in our daily lives, from reading a book to driving a car

Answer 63

Attention

Question 64

This type of attention involves focusing on a specific stimulus or task while ignoring irrelevant or distracting information

Answer 64

Selective Attention

Question 65

Also known as multitasking, ____________________ refers to the ability to allocate attention to multiple tasks or stimuli simultaneously

Answer 65

Divided Attention

Question 66

sometimes called vigilance or concentration, is the ability to maintain focus on a particular task or stimulus for an extended period

Answer 66

Sustained Attention

Question 67

involves switching between multiple tasks or stimuli rapidly. It's necessary for activities that require quick changes in focus, such as driving, where you must shift attention between the road, mirrors, and dashboard

Answer 67

Alternating Attention

Question 68

associated with higher-order cognitive processes that involve managing and coordinating different types of attention. It plays a role in goal setting, planning, decision-making, and monitoring one's performance on tasks

Answer 68

Executive Attention

Question 69

relates to focusing on a particular location or region in space. It allows us to direct our attention to specific areas of our visual field or to a particular location in the environment.

Answer 69

Spatial Attention

Question 70

refers to the physical movement of sensory organs (typically the eyes) to direct attention to a specific location or object. This is what happens when we shift our gaze or fixate on something of interest.

Answer 70

Overt Attention

Question 71

an internal form of attention where individuals mentally direct their focus without any overt physical movements. It can involve mentally highlighting specific objects or areas in a scene

Answer 71

Covert Attention

Question 72

pertains to the allocation of attention over time. It involves being attentive to specific events or moments in time, which is essential for tasks like timing and rhythm perception

Answer 72

Temporal Attention

Question 73

Classification of Attention:

Answer 73

Automatic Attention and Controlled Attention

Question 74

instinctual and responds to salient stimuli

Answer 74

Automatic Attention

Question 75

requires conscious effort and intention

Answer 75

Controlled Attention

Question 76

The ability of a system or mechanism to perform tasks or operations without direct human intervention.

Answer 76

Automatic Processing

Question 77

Refers to cognitive tasks and mental activities that require our full, active, conscious attention and effort to perform.

Answer 77

Controlled Processing

Question 78

posits that attention is abottleneck through which only a limited amount of information can pass at any given time.

Answer 78

Filter Theory

Question 79

This theory suggests that an internal filter selects which stimuli to process based on their physical properties, while the remaining information is either ignored or stored temporarily in short-term memory

Answer 79

Filter Theory

Question 80

expanded on Broadbent's theory

Answer 80

Anne Treisman

Question 81

Instead of completely blocking out irrelevant information, this theory posits that attention acts as a volume control, attenuating the processing of less relevant information while allowing some of it to pass through for further processing

Answer 81

Attenuation Theory (Intermdiate Selection Theory)

Question 82

is a perceptual and attentional theory that explains how an individual combines pieces of observable information about an object in order to form a complete perception of the object.

Answer 82

Feature Integration Theory

Question 83

This theory was developed by Gelade and Treisman and focuses on the visual search component of stimuli perception.

Answer 83

Feature Integration Theory

Question 84

Developed by Desimone and Duncan, this model proposes that attention biases the competition among different stimuli or features for representation in the visual system. Stimuli that are attended to have an advantage in this competition.

Answer 84

Biased Competition Model

Question 85

These models suggest that attention operates as a distributed process across a network of interconnected neurons. They focus on the neural mechanisms underlying attention and emphasize parallel processing

Answer 85

Parallel Distributed Processing Model

Question 86

Hold that we make decisions about directing our attention before we are even aware of what it is we’re essentially spatial attention theories.

Answer 86

Early Selection Theories

Question 87

Hold that we do some level of processing of all perceptual inputs and only after this point make decisions about directing our attention.

Answer 87

Late Selection Theories

Question 88

can significantly impact one's ability to concentrate and control impulses. Understanding these disorders is essential for effective intervention and support.

Answer 88

ADHD - Attetion Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder

Question 89

Is an older term that was used to describe a subtype of ADHD, specifically the predominantly inattentive type, which lacks the hyperactivity.

Answer 89

ADD - Attention Deficit Disorder

Question 90

refers to our awareness of thoughts, sensations, and our surroundings. study of consciousness has led to various theories, including the global workspace model and the theory of mind.

Answer 90

Consciousness

Question 91

represents a shift in attention away from the external Compare and contrast environment toward internal thoughts and fantasies.

Answer 91

Daydreaming

Question 92

These states involve a departure from the ordinary waking state of Similarities consciousness. Examples include meditation, hypnosis, and trance states. Altered states can vary widely and may involve changes in perception, self-awareness, and though process

Answer 92

Altered States of Consciousness

Question 93

This is a state of complete lack of awareness and responsiveness to Compare and contrast the environment.

Answer 93

Unconsciousness

Question 94

refer to mental activities that occur below Similarities the level of conscious awareness.

Answer 94

Subconscious Processing

Question 95

can result from factors like anesthesia, head injuries, or medical conditons

Answer 95

Unconscious

Question 96

state of focused attention and heightened suggestibility.

Answer 96

Hypnosis

Question 97

individuals may experience alterations in perception and memory. It is sometimes used in therapeutic settings.

Answer 97

Hypnosis

Question 98

Individuals become aware that they are dreaming This level of consciousness allows dreamers to exert some control over their dream experiences

Answer 98

Lucid Dreaming

Question 99

These are altered states of consciousness characterized by feelings of detachment from oneself

Answer 99

Depersonalization

Question 100

sense that the external world is unreal or distorted

Answer 100

derealization

Question 101

involves focusing one's attention and eliminating distractions to achieve a state of deep relaxation and heightened awareness.

Answer 101

Meditation

Question 102

lead to various altered states, including transcendental experiences, increased mindfulness, and altered perceptions of time and self.

Answer 102

Meditation

Question 103

Out of the body sensations

Answer 103

Near death

Question 104

Induces altered states of consciousness

Answer 104

Yoga

Question 105

Involve drumming, chanting, and the use of psychoactive substance are believed to facilitate altered states if consciousness.

Answer 105

Shamanic

Question 106

Can not recognize her or his own face in the mirror.

Answer 106

prosopagnosia