Visual Perception And Attention Flashcards
Experiences resulting from simulation of the senses
Perception
Its role extends beyond identifying objects or helping us take action within our environment
Perception
inform us about what is “out there” in the environment
Perception
built on a foundation of information from the environment
Perception
selective inability to recognize faces that does not involve other kinds of vision difficulties
Prosopagnosia
cannot recognize the photographs of famous individuals, but when the patient is tested on other kinds of complex visual discrimination tasks, no deficit is found
Prosopagnosia (prosopagnosic patient)
A speech sound or phonological segment that makes a
difference in meaning is called a?
Phoneme
the sequence of events from eye to brain.
Bottom-up processing
It begins with the external stimulus — such as a tree or the smell of cookies — and then that sensory information moves to the brain for analysis.
Bottom-up processing
perception also involves factors such as person’s knowledge of the environment, the expectations people bring to perceptual situation and their attention to specific stimuli.
Top-down processing
Data-driven analysis of stimuli relies on sensory perception, analysis i the appropriate sensory processing area of the brain, derives meaning through analysis only not based on prior knowledge.
Bottom-up processing
Processing type that can be experienced through sensation.
Bottom-up
Processing type that can be experienced through perception
Top-down
Describe approaches in which perception starts with the stimuli whose appearance you take in through your eye. These are data-driven or stimulus driven theories.
“To see is to believe”
Bottom-up
The information in our sensory receptors, including the sensory context is all we need to perceive anything.
Gibson’s theory of Direct Perception
in the real world, sufficient contextual information usually exist to make perceptual judgements. We do not need to appear to higher level intelligent processes to explain perception but rather use contextual information directly.
Gibson’s theory of direct Perception
Bottom-up theories
Direct Perception Theory
Template Theory
Feature Matching Theories
Recognition by Components Theory
the information in our sensory receptors, including the sensory context, is all we need to perceive anything.
Theory of Direct Perception
which means that we do not need higher cognitive processes or anything else to mediate between our sensory experiences and our perceptions.
Ecological Perception
the farther away an object is, the less you see
In depth perception
Suggests that our minds store myriad sets of templates.
Template Theories
Belongs to the group of chunk-based theories, these theories suggest that expertise is attained by acquiring chunks of knowledge
Templates Theories
We attempt to match features of a pattern to features stored in memory, rather than to match a whole pattern to a template or a prototype.
Feature Matching Theories
Theorized by Oliver Selfridged
Pandemonium Model
Who theorized pandemonium model
Oilver Selfridged
refers to a noisy, chaotic place and hell
Pandemonium
In this model, metaphorical demons with specific duties receive and analyze the features of a stimulus
Pandemonium Model
Pandemonium Model consists of four kinds of demons:
image demons, feature demons, cognitive demons, and decision demons
receives the retinal image and pass it on feature demons.
Image demons
calls out when matches are made between the stimulus and the given feature.
Feature demons
shout out possible patterns stored in memory that conform to one or more of the features noticed by the feature demons.
Cognitive thinking demons
listens to the pandemonium of the cognitive demons. It decides on what has been seen, based on which cognitive demon is shouting the most frequently (matching features)
Decision Demons
we quickly recognize objects by observing the edges of them and then decomposing the objects into geons.
Recognition by Components Theory
Explains how we may recognize general instances of chairs, lamps and faces
Recognition by Components Theory
Proposed by Max Wertheimer, and gestalt was based on the notion of “the whole is more than the sum of its parts”.
Gestalt theory
When perceiving a visual field,some objects (figures) seem prominent, and other aspects of the field cede into the background ( ground)
Figure-ground
When we perceive an assortment of objects, we tend to see objects that are close to each other as forming a group.
Proximity
We tend to group obejcts that are close to each other as forming a group.
Similarity
We tend to perceive smoothly flowing or continuous forms rather than disruptive or discontinuous ones.
Continuity
We tend to perceptually close up, or complete, object that are not, in fact, complete.
Closure
We tend to perceive objects as forming mirror images about their center.
Symmetry
According to Martha Farah, we recognize patterns according to two systems.
Recognizing patterns and faces
Specializes in recognizing larger configurations, not analyzing parts of objects or the construction of the objects.
Feature Analysis System
Specializes in recognizing larger configurations, not analyzing parts of objects or the construction of the objects.
Configurational System
This system is most relevant to recognizing faces
Configurational System
Have trouble perceiving sensory information
Agnosia
Often caused by damaged to the border of
the temporal and occipital lobes or restricted
oxygen flow to areas of the brain, sometimes
as a result of traumatic brain injury.
Agnosia
An individual is unable to pay attention to more than one object at a time.
Simultagnosia
such ready object recognition fails as a result of difficulties in identifying the visual features that define a perceptual category.
Apperceptive Agnosia
object recognition fails because of difficulties in identifying the functional features that define a semantic category
Associative Agnosia
Results in severely impaired ability to recognize human faces.
Prosopagnosia
inability to interpret sensations and hence to recognize things, typically as a result of brain damage.
Agnosia
An impaired ability to use the visual system to guide movement.
Optic Ataxia
Have trouble reaching for things.
Optic Ataxia
Results from a processing failure in the posterior parietal cortex where sensorimotor information is processed
Optic Ataxia
People with this condition have no color vision at all.
Rod Monochromacy/achromacy
They only see shades of gray as a function of their vision through the rods of the eye
Rod Monochromacy / Achromacy
The most common is___________ color blindness.
red-green
The extreme form of red-green color blindness is called
Protanopia
trouble seeing greens with symptoms similar to protanopia
Euteranopia
confusion of blues and greens, and yellows that disappear or appear as light shades of reds
Tritanopia
multifaceted cognitive process that allows us to select and focus on specific stimuli while filtering out distractions.
Attention
It plays a crucial role in our daily lives, from reading a book to driving a car
Attention
This type of attention involves focusing on a specific stimulus or task while ignoring irrelevant or distracting information
Selective Attention
Also known as multitasking, ____________________ refers to the ability to allocate attention to multiple tasks or stimuli simultaneously
Divided Attention
sometimes called vigilance or concentration, is the ability to maintain focus on a particular task or stimulus for an extended period
Sustained Attention
involves switching between multiple tasks or stimuli rapidly. It’s necessary for activities that require
quick changes in focus, such as driving, where you must shift attention between the road, mirrors, and dashboard
Alternating Attention
associated with higher-order cognitive processes that involve managing and coordinating different types of attention. It plays a role in goal setting, planning, decision-making, and monitoring one’s performance on tasks
Executive Attention
relates to focusing on a particular location or region in space. It allows us to direct our attention to specific areas of our visual field or to a particular location in the environment.
Spatial Attention
refers to the physical movement of sensory organs (typically the eyes) to direct attention to a specific location or object. This is what happens when we shift our gaze or fixate on something of interest.
Overt Attention
an internal form of attention where individuals mentally direct their focus without any overt physical movements. It can involve mentally highlighting specific objects or areas in a scene
Covert Attention
pertains to the allocation of attention over time. It involves being attentive to specific events or moments in time, which is essential for tasks like timing and rhythm perception
Temporal Attention
Classification of Attention:
Automatic Attention and Controlled Attention
instinctual and responds to salient stimuli
Automatic Attention
requires conscious effort and intention
Controlled Attention
The ability of a system or mechanism to perform tasks or operations without direct human intervention.
Automatic Processing
Refers to cognitive tasks and mental activities that require our full, active, conscious attention and effort to perform.
Controlled Processing
posits that attention is abottleneck through which only a limited amount of information
can pass at any given time.
Filter Theory
This theory suggests that an internal filter selects which stimuli to process based on their
physical properties, while the remaining information is either ignored or stored temporarily in short-term memory
Filter Theory
expanded on Broadbent’s theory
Anne Treisman
Instead of completely blocking out irrelevant information, this theory posits that attention acts as a volume control, attenuating the processing of less relevant information while allowing some of it to pass through for further processing
Attenuation Theory (Intermdiate Selection Theory)
is a perceptual and attentional theory that explains how an individual combines pieces of observable information about an object in order to form a complete perception of the object.
Feature Integration Theory
This theory was developed by Gelade and Treisman
and focuses on the visual search component of stimuli perception.
Feature Integration Theory
Developed by Desimone and Duncan, this model proposes that attention biases the competition among different stimuli or features for representation in the visual system. Stimuli that are attended to have an advantage in this competition.
Biased Competition Model
These models suggest that attention operates as a distributed process across a network of
interconnected neurons. They focus on the neural mechanisms underlying attention and emphasize parallel processing
Parallel Distributed Processing Model
Hold that we make decisions about directing our attention before we are even aware of what it is we’re essentially spatial attention theories.
Early Selection Theories
Hold that we do some level of processing of all perceptual inputs and only after this point make decisions about directing our attention.
Late Selection Theories
can significantly impact one’s ability to concentrate and control impulses. Understanding these disorders is essential for effective intervention and support.
ADHD - Attetion Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder
Is an older term that was used to describe a subtype of
ADHD, specifically the predominantly inattentive type,
which lacks the hyperactivity.
ADD - Attention Deficit Disorder
refers to our awareness of thoughts, sensations, and our surroundings. study of consciousness has led to various theories, including the global workspace model and the theory of mind.
Consciousness
represents a shift in attention away from the external
Compare and contrast environment toward internal
thoughts and fantasies.
Daydreaming
These states involve a departure from the ordinary waking state of Similarities consciousness. Examples include meditation, hypnosis, and trance states. Altered states can vary widely and may involve changes in perception, self-awareness, and though process
Altered States of Consciousness
This is a state of complete lack of awareness and responsiveness to Compare and contrast the environment.
Unconsciousness
refer to mental activities that occur below Similarities
the level of conscious awareness.
Subconscious Processing
can result from factors like anesthesia, head injuries, or medical conditons
Unconscious
state of focused attention and heightened suggestibility.
Hypnosis
individuals may experience alterations in perception and memory. It is sometimes used in therapeutic settings.
Hypnosis
Individuals become aware that they are dreaming This level of consciousness allows dreamers to
exert some control over their dream experiences
Lucid Dreaming
These are altered states of consciousness characterized by feelings of detachment from oneself
Depersonalization
sense that the external world is unreal or distorted
derealization
involves focusing one’s attention and eliminating distractions to achieve a state of deep relaxation and heightened awareness.
Meditation
lead to various altered states, including transcendental experiences, increased mindfulness, and altered perceptions of time and self.
Meditation
Out of the body sensations
Near death
Induces altered states of consciousness
Yoga
Involve drumming, chanting, and the use of psychoactive substance are believed to facilitate altered states if consciousness.
Shamanic
Can not recognize her or his own face in the mirror.
prosopagnosia
