Lesson 2 - Cognitive Neuroscience Flashcards
responsible for all cognitive processes in humans and animals.
Brain
three main regions of the brain
Fore brain, Midbrain, and Hindbrain
includes the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system.
Forebrain
serves as a relay center for sensory and motor information.
Midbrain
important to emotion, motivation, memory, and learning.
Limbic System
allows us to suppress instinctive responses (e.g., the impulse to strike someone who accidentally causes us pain)
Limbic system
help us to adapt our behaviors flexibly in response to our changing environment.
Limbic system
Limbic system compromises three central interconnected cerebral structures:
Septum, amygdala, and hippocampus
is involved in anger and fear as part of the basal forebrain, supports many physiological functions, from sensorimotor integration to cognition.
Septume
Often reciprocal connections with a broad set of peers at all major divisions of the brain, the MS orchestrates oscillatory neuronal activities throughout the brain.
Septume
plays an important role in emotion as well, especially in anger and aggression
Amygdala
Stimulation of this part of the brain commonly results in fear.
Amygdala
Damage or removal of this can result in maladaptive lack of fear
Amygdala
Responsible for palpitations, fearful hallucinations, or frightening flashbacks in memory
Amygdala
plays an essential role in memory formation
Hippocampus
It gets its name from the Greek word for “seahorse,”
Hippocampus
essential for flexible learning and for seeing the relations among items learned as well as for spatial memory.
Hippocampus
It also appears to keep track of where things are and how these things are spatially related to each other.
Hippocampus
it monitors what is where
Hippocampus
plays a crucial role in the formation and retrieval of long-term memories.
Hippocampus
Damage if this can lead to severe memory impairments, such as anterograde amnesia.
Hippocampus
regulates behavior related to species survival: fighting, feeding, fleeing, and mating.
Hypothalamus
It is also active in regulating emotions and reactions to stress.
Hypothalamus
its importance belies in controlling many bodily functions.
Hypothalamus
Plays a role in sleep
Hypothalamus
Dysfunction and neural loss within the hypothalamus are noted in cases of?
Narcolepsy
This is where a person falls asleep often and at unpredictable times.
Narcolepsy
in mammals these functions are dominated by the forebrain.
Midbrain
By far the most indispensable of these structures is the reticular activating system
Midbrain
RAS
Reticular activating system
a network of neurons essential to the regulation of consciousness (sleep; wakefulness; arousal; attention to some extent; and vital functions such as heartbeat and breathing)
Reticular Activating System or (RAS) Reticular Formation
connects the forebrain to the spinal cord
Brainstem
Injections of small amounts of excitatory amino acids or, alternatively, electrical stimulation of this area results in any of several responses: an aggressive, confrontational response; avoidance or flight response; heightened defensive reactivity; or reduced reactivity as is experienced after a defeat, when one feels hopeless.
Brainstem
controls heart activity and largely controls breathing, swallowing, and digestion.
Medulla Oblongata
also the place at which nerves from the right side of the body cross over to the left side of the brain and nerves from the left side of the body cross over to the right side of the brain
Medulla oblongata
serves as a kind of relay station because it contains neural fibers that pass signals from one part of the brain to another.
Pons
Its name derives from the Latin for “bridge,” as it serves a bridging function
Medulla Oblongata
(from Latin,“little brain”) controls bodily coordination, balance, and muscle tone, as well as
some aspects of memory involving procedure related movements.
Cerebellum
the outermost layer of the brain and plays a crucial role in cognitive functions.
Cerebral Cortex
Different areas of this part of the Brain are specialized for specific functions such as vision, language, and motor control.
Cerebral Cortex
responsible for speech production
Broca’s Area
involved in language comprehension.
Wernicke’s Area
plays an extremely important role in human cognition
Cerebral Cortex
It forms a 1- to 3-millimeter layer that wraps the surface of the
brain somewhat like the bark of a tree wraps around the trunk.
Cerebral cortex
Color of the cerebral cortex surface
Grayish
comprises the grayish neural-cell bodies that process the information that the brain receives and sends.
Cerebral Cortex
the Cerebral Cortex underlying white matter of the brain’s interior comprises mostly white because of?
Myelinated Axons
Not all information transmission where form one side to another side of the brain
Contralateral
Transmission of information that occurs on the same side of the brain.
Ipsilateral
a dense aggregate of neural fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.
Corpus Callosum
If this part of the brain is cut in to two cerebral hemispheres, the two halves of the brain cannot communicate with each other.
Corpus Callosum
language is localized in this side of hemisphere
Left Hemisphere
Spatial visualization ability appears to be largely localized in this hemisphere
Right Hemisphere
toward the front of the brain, is associated with motor processing and higher thought processes, such as abstract reasoning, problem solving, planning, and judgment
Frontal Lobe
It tends to be involved when sequences of thoughts or actions are called for. It is critical in producing speech.
Frontal lobe
the region toward the front of the frontal lobe, is involved in complex motor control and tasks that require integration of information over time.
Prefrontal Cortex
at the upper back portion of the brain, is associated with somatosensory processing.
Parietal lobe
It receives inputs from the neurons regarding touch, pain, temperature sense, and limb position when you are perceiving space and your relationship to it—how you are situated relative to the space you are occupying
Parietal lobe
It is also involved in consciousness and paying attention. If you are paying attention to what you are reading, this lobe is activated.
Parietal lobe
directly under your temples, is associated with auditory processing and comprehending language.
Temporal lobe
It is also involved in your retention of visual memories.
Temporal lobe
It matches new things you see to what you have retained in visual memory.
Temporal Lobe
associated with visual processing
Occipital lobe
contains numerous visual areas, each specialized to analyze specific aspects of a scene, including color, motion, location, and form.
Occipital Lobe
transmit electrical signals from one location to another in the nervous system.
Neurons
How many neurons can possibly be
86 Billion Neurons
Contains the nucleus of the cell
Soma
responsible for the life of the neuron and connects the dendrites to the axon.
Soma
branchlike structures that receive information from other neurons, and the soma integrates
the information.
Dendrites
a long, thin tube that extends (and sometimes splits) from the soma and responds to the information, when appropriate, by transmitting an electrochemical signal, which travels to the terminus (end), where the signal can be transmitted to other neurons.
Axon
a white, fatty substance that surrounds some of the axons of the nervous system, which accounts for some of the whiteness of the white matter of the brain.
Myelin Sheath
insulates and protects longer axons from electrical interference by other neurons in the area, also speeds up the conduction of information.
Myelin Sheath
Small knobs found at the ends of the branches of an axon that do not directly touch the dendrites of the next neuron.
Terminal Buttons
serves as a juncture between the terminal buttons of one or more neurons and the dendrites (or sometimes the soma) of one or more other neurons.
Synapses
important in cognition
Synapses
chemical messengers for transmission of information across the synaptic gap to the receiving dendrites of the next neuron.
Neurotransmitters
the damage done from a particular overdose
Acute Toxicity
the damage done by long-term drug addiction
Chronic Toxicity
the dissection of brains have been done for centuries.
Postmortem Studies
Research often use this to study the relation between the brain and behavior.
Dissection
This technique can be used only in laboratory animals, not in humans, because no safe way has yet been devised to perform such recordings in humans.
To obtain single-cell recordings
surgically removing or damaging part of the brain—to observe resulting functional deficits
Lesioning
By using genetic manipulations, animals can be created that lack certain kinds of cells or receptors in the brain.
Employing Generic Knockout Procedures
scans provide detailed structural information. (Brain)
Computed Tomography (CT)
measures changes in blood flow to infer brain activity.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Caused by disruption of blood flow to the brain, resulting in damage to brain tissue and cognitive impairments.
Stroke
Abnormal growths in the brain that can cause a range of cognitive symptoms depending on their location and size.
Brain Tumors
can lead to cognitive deficits and changes in behavior.
Traumatic Brain Injuries
a complex trait influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.
Intelligence
Studies have shown a positive correlation between brain size and intelligence.
The number of neurons in the brain has been linked to intelligence.
Efficient brain metabolism is associated with_____________________
higher cognitive abilities.
Cognitive neuroscience helps understand the neural mechanisms underlying intelligence tests.
Biological Bases of Intelligence Testing
suggests that intelligence depends on the coordination between the parietal and frontal lobes.
The Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT)
Individual differences in intelligence may arise from variations in the efficiency of these brain regions.
Damaged to hippocampus can lead to severe memory impairment like—
Anterograde Amnesia
Can’t retain new memories
Anterograde Amnesia
Umbrella of Dimensia
Agnosia, apraxia, and aphasia
Kind of dimensia - shrinking of brain - loss of memories
Alzheimer
A disorder that affects the ability to perform learned motor acts, even though the person has the physical capacity to do so.
Symptoms: Difficulty with tasks like waving, brushing teeth, or using tools.
Apraxia
A disorder that affects the ability to recognize familiar objects, people, or sounds.
Symptoms: Difficulty recognizing objects, faces, or sounds, even though the sensory systems are functioning normally.
Agnosia
A language disorder that affects a person’s ability to communicate.
Symptoms: Difficulty speaking, understanding language, reading, and writing.
Aphasia
type of memory loss that affects a person’s ability to form new memories. People with this condition can remember events that occurred before the onset of amnesia, but they struggle to learn and retain new information.
Anterograde Amnesia
type of memory loss that affects a person’s ability to recall past events.
Retrograde Amnesia
involved in anger and fear as part of the basal forebrain, supports many physiological functions, from sensorimotor integration to cognition.
Septume
