Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cognitive Psychology > Lesson 2 - Cognitive Neuroscience > Flashcards

Lesson 2 - Cognitive Neuroscience Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

responsible for all cognitive processes in humans and animals.

A

Brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

three main regions of the brain

A

Fore brain, Midbrain, and Hindbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

includes the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system.

A

Forebrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

serves as a relay center for sensory and motor information.

A

Midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

important to emotion, motivation, memory, and learning.

A

Limbic System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

allows us to suppress instinctive responses (e.g., the impulse to strike someone who accidentally causes us pain)

A

Limbic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

help us to adapt our behaviors flexibly in response to our changing environment.

A

Limbic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Limbic system compromises three central interconnected cerebral structures:

A

Septum, amygdala, and hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

is involved in anger and fear as part of the basal forebrain, supports many physiological functions, from sensorimotor integration to cognition.

A

Septume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Often reciprocal connections with a broad set of peers at all major divisions of the brain, the MS orchestrates oscillatory neuronal activities throughout the brain.

A

Septume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

plays an important role in emotion as well, especially in anger and aggression

A

Amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Stimulation of this part of the brain commonly results in fear.

A

Amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Damage or removal of this can result in maladaptive lack of fear

A

Amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Responsible for palpitations, fearful hallucinations, or frightening flashbacks in memory

A

Amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

plays an essential role in memory formation

A

Hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

It gets its name from the Greek word for “seahorse,”

A

Hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

essential for flexible learning and for seeing the relations among items learned as well as for spatial memory.

A

Hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

It also appears to keep track of where things are and how these things are spatially related to each other.

A

Hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

it monitors what is where

A

Hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

plays a crucial role in the formation and retrieval of long-term memories.

A

Hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Damage if this can lead to severe memory impairments, such as anterograde amnesia.

A

Hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

regulates behavior related to species survival: fighting, feeding, fleeing, and mating.

A

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

It is also active in regulating emotions and reactions to stress.

A

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

its importance belies in controlling many bodily functions.

A

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Plays a role in sleep

A

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Dysfunction and neural loss within the hypothalamus are noted in cases of?

A

Narcolepsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

This is where a person falls asleep often and at unpredictable times.

A

Narcolepsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

in mammals these functions are dominated by the forebrain.

A

Midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

By far the most indispensable of these structures is the reticular activating system

A

Midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

RAS

A

Reticular activating system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

a network of neurons essential to the regulation of consciousness (sleep; wakefulness; arousal; attention to some extent; and vital functions such as heartbeat and breathing)

A

Reticular Activating System or (RAS) Reticular Formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

connects the forebrain to the spinal cord

A

Brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Injections of small amounts of excitatory amino acids or, alternatively, electrical stimulation of this area results in any of several responses: an aggressive, confrontational response; avoidance or flight response; heightened defensive reactivity; or reduced reactivity as is experienced after a defeat, when one feels hopeless.

A

Brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

controls heart activity and largely controls breathing, swallowing, and digestion.

A

Medulla Oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

also the place at which nerves from the right side of the body cross over to the left side of the brain and nerves from the left side of the body cross over to the right side of the brain

A

Medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

serves as a kind of relay station because it contains neural fibers that pass signals from one part of the brain to another.

A

Pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Its name derives from the Latin for “bridge,” as it serves a bridging function

A

Medulla Oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

(from Latin,“little brain”) controls bodily coordination, balance, and muscle tone, as well as
some aspects of memory involving procedure related movements.

A

Cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

the outermost layer of the brain and plays a crucial role in cognitive functions.

A

Cerebral Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Different areas of this part of the Brain are specialized for specific functions such as vision, language, and motor control.

A

Cerebral Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

responsible for speech production

A

Broca’s Area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

involved in language comprehension.

A

Wernicke’s Area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

plays an extremely important role in human cognition

A

Cerebral Cortex

44
Q

It forms a 1- to 3-millimeter layer that wraps the surface of the
brain somewhat like the bark of a tree wraps around the trunk.

A

Cerebral cortex

45
Q

Color of the cerebral cortex surface

A

Grayish

46
Q

comprises the grayish neural-cell bodies that process the information that the brain receives and sends.

A

Cerebral Cortex

47
Q

the Cerebral Cortex underlying white matter of the brain’s interior comprises mostly white because of?

A

Myelinated Axons

48
Q

Not all information transmission where form one side to another side of the brain

A

Contralateral

49
Q

Transmission of information that occurs on the same side of the brain.

A

Ipsilateral

50
Q

a dense aggregate of neural fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.

A

Corpus Callosum

51
Q

If this part of the brain is cut in to two cerebral hemispheres, the two halves of the brain cannot communicate with each other.

A

Corpus Callosum

52
Q

language is localized in this side of hemisphere

A

Left Hemisphere

53
Q

Spatial visualization ability appears to be largely localized in this hemisphere

A

Right Hemisphere

54
Q

toward the front of the brain, is associated with motor processing and higher thought processes, such as abstract reasoning, problem solving, planning, and judgment

A

Frontal Lobe

55
Q

It tends to be involved when sequences of thoughts or actions are called for. It is critical in producing speech.

A

Frontal lobe

56
Q

the region toward the front of the frontal lobe, is involved in complex motor control and tasks that require integration of information over time.

A

Prefrontal Cortex

57
Q

at the upper back portion of the brain, is associated with somatosensory processing.

A

Parietal lobe

58
Q

It receives inputs from the neurons regarding touch, pain, temperature sense, and limb position when you are perceiving space and your relationship to it—how you are situated relative to the space you are occupying

A

Parietal lobe

59
Q

It is also involved in consciousness and paying attention. If you are paying attention to what you are reading, this lobe is activated.

A

Parietal lobe

60
Q

directly under your temples, is associated with auditory processing and comprehending language.

A

Temporal lobe

61
Q

It is also involved in your retention of visual memories.

A

Temporal lobe

62
Q

It matches new things you see to what you have retained in visual memory.

A

Temporal Lobe

63
Q

associated with visual processing

A

Occipital lobe

64
Q

contains numerous visual areas, each specialized to analyze specific aspects of a scene, including color, motion, location, and form.

A

Occipital Lobe

65
Q

transmit electrical signals from one location to another in the nervous system.

A

Neurons

66
Q

How many neurons can possibly be

A

86 Billion Neurons

67
Q

Contains the nucleus of the cell

A

Soma

68
Q

responsible for the life of the neuron and connects the dendrites to the axon.

A

Soma

69
Q

branchlike structures that receive information from other neurons, and the soma integrates
the information.

A

Dendrites

70
Q

a long, thin tube that extends (and sometimes splits) from the soma and responds to the information, when appropriate, by transmitting an electrochemical signal, which travels to the terminus (end), where the signal can be transmitted to other neurons.

A

Axon

71
Q

a white, fatty substance that surrounds some of the axons of the nervous system, which accounts for some of the whiteness of the white matter of the brain.

A

Myelin Sheath

72
Q

insulates and protects longer axons from electrical interference by other neurons in the area, also speeds up the conduction of information.

A

Myelin Sheath

73
Q

Small knobs found at the ends of the branches of an axon that do not directly touch the dendrites of the next neuron.

A

Terminal Buttons

74
Q

serves as a juncture between the terminal buttons of one or more neurons and the dendrites (or sometimes the soma) of one or more other neurons.

A

Synapses

75
Q

important in cognition

A

Synapses

76
Q

chemical messengers for transmission of information across the synaptic gap to the receiving dendrites of the next neuron.

A

Neurotransmitters

77
Q

the damage done from a particular overdose

A

Acute Toxicity

78
Q

the damage done by long-term drug addiction

A

Chronic Toxicity

79
Q

the dissection of brains have been done for centuries.

A

Postmortem Studies

80
Q

Research often use this to study the relation between the brain and behavior.

A

Dissection

81
Q

This technique can be used only in laboratory animals, not in humans, because no safe way has yet been devised to perform such recordings in humans.

A

To obtain single-cell recordings

82
Q

surgically removing or damaging part of the brain—to observe resulting functional deficits

A

Lesioning

83
Q

By using genetic manipulations, animals can be created that lack certain kinds of cells or receptors in the brain.

A

Employing Generic Knockout Procedures

84
Q

scans provide detailed structural information. (Brain)

A

Computed Tomography (CT)

85
Q

measures changes in blood flow to infer brain activity.

A

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

86
Q

Caused by disruption of blood flow to the brain, resulting in damage to brain tissue and cognitive impairments.

A

Stroke

87
Q

Abnormal growths in the brain that can cause a range of cognitive symptoms depending on their location and size.

A

Brain Tumors

88
Q

can lead to cognitive deficits and changes in behavior.

A

Traumatic Brain Injuries

89
Q

a complex trait influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.

A

Intelligence

90
Q

Studies have shown a positive correlation between brain size and intelligence.

A
91
Q

The number of neurons in the brain has been linked to intelligence.

A
92
Q

Efficient brain metabolism is associated with_____________________

A

higher cognitive abilities.

93
Q

Cognitive neuroscience helps understand the neural mechanisms underlying intelligence tests.

A

Biological Bases of Intelligence Testing

94
Q

suggests that intelligence depends on the coordination between the parietal and frontal lobes.

A

The Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT)

95
Q

Individual differences in intelligence may arise from variations in the efficiency of these brain regions.

A
96
Q

Damaged to hippocampus can lead to severe memory impairment like—

A

Anterograde Amnesia

97
Q

Can’t retain new memories

A

Anterograde Amnesia

98
Q

Umbrella of Dimensia

A

Agnosia, apraxia, and aphasia

99
Q

Kind of dimensia - shrinking of brain - loss of memories

A

Alzheimer

100
Q

A disorder that affects the ability to perform learned motor acts, even though the person has the physical capacity to do so.

Symptoms: Difficulty with tasks like waving, brushing teeth, or using tools.

A

Apraxia

101
Q

A disorder that affects the ability to recognize familiar objects, people, or sounds.

Symptoms: Difficulty recognizing objects, faces, or sounds, even though the sensory systems are functioning normally.

A

Agnosia

102
Q

A language disorder that affects a person’s ability to communicate.

Symptoms: Difficulty speaking, understanding language, reading, and writing.

A

Aphasia

103
Q

type of memory loss that affects a person’s ability to form new memories. People with this condition can remember events that occurred before the onset of amnesia, but they struggle to learn and retain new information.

A

Anterograde Amnesia

104
Q

type of memory loss that affects a person’s ability to recall past events.

A

Retrograde Amnesia

105
Q

involved in anger and fear as part of the basal forebrain, supports many physiological functions, from sensorimotor integration to cognition.

A

Septume

Cognitive Psychology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions