Lesson 1 Flashcards
The study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and think about the information.
Cognitive Psychology
This includes: Memory, Problem solving , Decision Making, Reading, Attention, Language
Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive Psychology Involves:
Memory, Problem Solving, Decision Making, Reading, Attention, Language
A developmental process whereby ideas evolve over time through a back and fourth exchange of ideas.
Dialect
One example of dialect in cognitive psychology
Lobotomy, cingulotomy, and collosotomy
Less radical form of lobotomy
Leucotomy
according to Plato, the route to knowledge is through thinking and logical analysis.
Rationalism / Rationalist
In contrast, Aristotle (a naturalist and biologist as well as a philosopher) believe that we acquire knowledge via empirical evidence— through observation and experience.
Empiricism/Empiricist
seeks to understand the general nature of many aspects of the world, in part through introspection, the examination of inner ideas and experiences.
Philosophy
seeks a scientific study of life-sustaining functions in living matter, primarily through empirical (observation-based) methods.
Physiology
He had synthesized that both views must work together in the quest for truth Cognitive Psychology use both to make information/data more meaningful.
Emmanuel Kant
Rationalism (Descartes) + Empiricism (Locke)
When synthesis
Both have a role (Kant)
German Psychologist and founder of Structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt
is the conscious observation of one’s own thinking processes.
Introspection
was the first major school of thought in psychology.
Structuralism
seeks to understand the structure (configuration of elements) of the mind and its perceptions by analyzing those perceptions into their constituent components (affection, attention, memory, and sensation).
Structuralism
Critique of Structuralism
People may not always be able to say exactly what goes through their mind or may not be able to put the accurate words. There may be no accuracy to what they say.
American student of Wundt
Edward Titchener
American student of Viewed as the FIRST full-pledged.
Edward Titchener
His his experiments relied solely on the use of introspection, exploring Psychology from the vantage point of the experiencing individual.
Wilhelm Wundt
A leader in guiding functionalism toward pragmatism.
William James (Functionalism)
His chief functional contribution to the field of Psychology was a single book: his landmark Principles of Psychology.
William James (Functionalism)
seeks to understand what people do and why they do it.
Functionalism
It focuses on the processes of thought rather than on it’s contents.
Functionalism
They believe that knowledge is validated by its usefulness: What can you do with it?
Pragmatist
Early pragmatist who profoundly influenced contemporary thinking in Cognitive Psychology.
John Dewey
Remembered primarily for his pragmatic approach to thinking and schooling.
John Dewey (Functionalism)
Was the first experimenter to apply associationist principles systematically.
Herman Ebbinghaus
He studied his own mental processes.
Herman Ebbinghaus
Studied memory and forgetting by using nonsense syllables
Herman Ebbinghaus
Use to study memory and forgetting
Nonsense syllabus through rehearsal
Repetition aids in Learning
Associationism
examines how elements of the mind, like events or ideas can become associated with one another in the mind to result in a form of learning
Associationism
associating things that tend to occur together at about the same time
Contiguity
associating things with similar features or properties
Similarity
associating things that show polarities, such as hot/cold, light/dark, day/night.
Contrast
Key to forming associations
Role of Association as the stimulus
termed this principle the law of effect
Edward Lee Thorndike
A stimulus will tend to produce a certain response over time is an organism is rewarded for that response.
Law of effect
Proponent Of Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
father of radical behaviorism because he believed that psychologists should concentrate only on the study of observable behavior.
John B. Watson
Another radical behaviorist
Burrhus F. Skinner
Proponent of Operant Conditioning
Burruhs F. Skinner
involving the strengthening or weakening of behavior, contingent on the presence or absence of reinforcement or punishments – could explain all forms of human behavior.
Operant Conditioning
focuses only on the relation between observable behavior and environmental events or stimuli.
Behaviorsim
The idea is to make physical whatever others might have called “mental”
Behaviorism
Critique of behaviorism:
+ did not account as well for complex mental activities such as language learning and problem solving.
+ More than understanding people’s behavior, some psychologists wanted to know what went on inside the head.
+ often proved easier to use the techniques of behaviorism in studying nonhuman animals than in studying human ones.
Sometimes viewed as a father of modern cognitive psychology.
Edward Tolman
He believes that understanding behavior required taking into account the purpose of and the plan for a behavior.
Edward Tolman
Noted that learning appears to result not merely from direct rewards for behavior, but it also can be social.
Albert Bandura (Social Cognitive Theory)
This view emphasizes how we observe and model our own behavior after the behavior of others. We learn by example.
Social Cognitive Theory
The maxim “The whole is greater than the sum of it’s parts”
Gestalt Psychology
According to this view, we cannot fully understand behavior when we only break phenomena down into smaller parts.
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts ( Gestalt Psychology)
Studies both mental processes and behavior.
Gestalt Psychology
Is the belief that much of human behavior can be understood in terms of how people think.
Cognitivism
In the early 1950s, a movement called the cognitive revolution took place in response to behaviorism.
Cognitivism
by which a computer program would be judged as successful to the extent that its output was indistinguishable by humans from the output of humans.
Turing Test
He suggested that soon it would be hard to distinguish the communication of machines from that of humans
Allan Turing
Attempt of humans to construct systems that show intelligence and particularly, the intelligent processing of information
Artificial Intelligence
His book Cognitive Psychology was especially critical in bringing cogntivism to prominence by informing undergraduates, graduate students and academics about the newly developing field.
Ulric Neisser
He defined cognitive psychology as the study of how people learn, structure, store and use knowledge.
Ulric Neisser
The Father of Modern Cognitive Psychology
Ulric Neisser
the study of how people learn, structure, store and use knowledge.
Cognitive Psychology
Proposed detailed models of human thinking and problem solving from the most basic levels to the most complex.
Allen Newell & Herbert Simon
Ideally, they use multiple converging types to support their hypotheses. Most cognitive psychologists want to understand more than the what of cognition; most also seek to understand the how and the why of thinking.
Data Gathering & Statistical Analysis
is an organized body of general explanatory principles regarding a phenomenon, usually based on observations
Theory
tentative proposals regarding expected empirical consequences of the theory, such as the outcomes of research.
Null Hypothesis & Alternative Hypothesis
Hypothesis
In controlled experimental designs, an experimenter usually will conduct research in a laboratory setting.
Laboratory or other controlled experiments
investigators study the relationship between cognitive performance and cerebral events and structures.
Neuroscientific Research
an individual’s own account of cognitive processes.
Self-Reports
in-depth studies of individuals.
Case-Studies
detailed studies of cognitive performance in everyday situations and nonlaboratory contexts.
Naturalistic Observations
researchers program computers to imitate a given human function or process.
Computer simulation & AI
