Memory Tasks And Models Flashcards
is the means by which we retain and draw on information from our past experiences to use in the present
Memory
you produce a fact, a word, or other item from memory. Fill-in-the-blank and most essay tests
require that you recall items from memory.
Recall
you select or identify an item as being one that you have been exposed to previously
Recognition
You transform sensory data into a form of mental presentation
Encoding
You keep encoded information in memory
Storage
You pull out or use information stored in memory
Retrieval
You recall items in the exact order in which they were
presented
Serial Recall
you recall items in any order you choose
Free Recall
you recall items in any order you choose
Free recall
you are first shown items in pairs, but during recall you
are cued with only one member of each pair and are
asked to recall each mate
Cued Recall
You must recall facts.
Declarative knowledge
is a piece of information that a person is aware of knowing, such as the author of their favorite book
Declarative knowledge tasks
You must produce a fact, a word, or other item memory.
Recall Tasks
are an effective way to boost learning and memory. These tasks involve recalling information without the use of any cues or help
Recall tasks
You must select or otherwise identify an item as being one that you learned previously
Recognition tasks
You must select or otherwise identify an item as being one that you learned previously
Recognition tasks
is the mental familiarity with information
Recognition Tasks
You must remember learned skills and automatic behaviors, rather than facts.
Procedural knowledge
is the knowledge about how to do something. This can involve knowledge about the steps in a process, such as baking a cake or changing the oil in a vehicle. The knowledge of procedure involves all the basic steps in how to perform a task or activity
procedural Knowledge
participants engage in conscious
recollection. For example, they might
recall or recognize words, facts, or
pictures from a particular prior set of
items.
Explicit Memory
we use information from memory but are not consciously aware that we are doing
Implicit Memory
sometimes examined by having people
perform word-completion tasks that are based on the priming effect
Implicit Memory
the facilitation of your ability to utilize missing
information
Priming
Can be tested in implicit-memory
tasks as well.
Procedural Memory
which holds temporary information currently in use
Primary Memory
which holds information permanently or at least for a very long time.
Secondary Memory
capable of storing relatively limited amounts of information very brief periods
Sensory Store
capable of storing information for somewhat longer periods but of relatively limited capacity as well
Short-term Memory Store
capable of very large capacity and of storing information for very long periods, perhaps even indefinitely
Long term Store
Researchers who proposed a model of memory distinguishing two structures of memory first
Arkinson’s and Shiffrin’s Memory Model
is a radical departure from Atkinson and Shiffrin’s multistore model of memory.
Levels-of -processing Model
suggests that memory does not comprise three or even any specific number of separate stores, but rather it varies along a continuous dimension in terms of depth of encoding
Levels of Processing Model
Visually apparent features of the letters
Physical/structural
Sound combinations associated with the letters
Phonological
Meaning of the word
Semantic
probably the most widely used and accepted model today.
Working Memory Model
briefly holds some visual images, as when you picture the way your best friend looks or when you work on a puzzle.
Visuospatial Sketchpad
It contains both spatial and visual information, but
some evidence indicates that actually two separate mechanisms within the visuospatial sketchpad deal with spatial and visual information
Visuospatial Sketchpad
briefly stores mainly verbal information for verbal comprehension and for acoustic rehearsal.
Phonological Loop
which allocates attention within working memory.
Central executive
decides how to divide attention between two or more tasks that need to be done at the same time, or how to switch attention back and forth between multiple tasks
Central executive
Imagine what your life would be like if you were able to remember every word printed in this book. In this case, you would be considered a?
Mnemonist
someone who demonstrates
extraordinarily keen memory ability,
usually based on using special techniques
for memory enhancemen
Mnemonist
is the experience of sensations in a sensory
modality different from the sense that has been physically stimulated
Synesthesia
is a neurological condition in which
stimulation of one sensory or cognitive
pathway (for example, hearing) leads to
automatic, involuntary experiences in a
second sensory or cognitive pathway (such
as vision)
Synesthesia
an extreme degree of
retentiveness and recall, with
unusual clarity of memory images
Hyperamnesia
Individuals lose their purposeful memory for events before whatever trauma induces memory loss
Retrograde Amnesia
is severe loss of explicit memory
Amnesia
is a type of memory loss that occurs when you can’t form new memories. In the most extreme cases, this means you permanently lose the ability to learn or retain any new information. On its own, this type of memory loss is rare
Anterograde Amnesia
the inability to recall events that
happened when we were very young
Infantile Amnesia
disease of older adults that causes dementia as well as progressive memory
Alzheimer’s Disease
This is used for a number of everyday tasks, including sounding out new and difficult words and solving word problems.
phonological loop
