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Control Term Two > Visual Pathway > Flashcards

Visual Pathway Flashcards

1
Q

what does the choroid layer do?

A

provide nourishment

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2
Q

macula is rich in what

A

cone cells

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3
Q

why are there so many cell layers in the retina

A

reduce intensity of the light

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4
Q

how many layer groups in the retina

A

two - neuronal and non-neuronal

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5
Q

what do bipolar cells connect

A

photoreceptors to the ganglion cells

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6
Q

what do ganglion cells do

A

give off an axon that goes on to become the optic nerve

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7
Q

positioning of optic disc relative to fovea

A

slightly medial

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8
Q

what type of cells make up first order neuron

A

bipolar cells

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9
Q

what type of cells make up second order neuron

A

ganglion cells

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10
Q

where are first and second neurons located?

A

in the retina

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11
Q

are eyes in PNS or CNS?

A

ALL CNS

Outgrowth of diencephalon

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12
Q

path of ganglion cells

A

run over retina to optic disk/blind spot

forms optic nerve

optic nerve runs to LGN (thalamus)

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13
Q

third order neuron nerve path

A

LGN in thalamus via optic radiation to primary visual cortex

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14
Q

as an outgrowth of the diencephalon it has…

A

meninges

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15
Q

optic nerves pass out through which foramen

A

optic canal

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16
Q

the dura forms what around the eye

A

the sclera

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17
Q

the sub-arachnoid space forms what

A

the choroid space

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18
Q

problems associated with sub-arachnoid space

A

build up of CSF
papilloedema
compress nerves and blood vessels

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19
Q

why does papilloedema occur?

A

compresses central retinal vein preventing venous drainage from the eye - swells the optic disk

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20
Q

optic radiation allows what to go where

A

optic fibres to go along calcarine sulcus to occipital lobe

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21
Q

where does the striate cortex lie?

A

above and below calcarine sulcus

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22
Q

what’s either side of striate cortex?

A

Visual association cortex

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23
Q

path of light through eye

A

light information coming from left hand side goes to right hand retina

24
Q

what happens to middle section the retinal sides

A

Blind spot!

25
Q

path of optic nerves from retina - distinguish path of left from right

A

nasal part of retina sends information to contralateral side.
Temporal part of retina sending to ipsilateral side.

26
Q

information from left hand side is interpreted from what side of hemisphere

A

right hand side

27
Q

upper visual field goes to which bank of calcarine sulcus

A

lower bank of calcarine sulcus

28
Q

lower visual field goes to which bank of calcarine sulcus

A

upper bank of calcarine sulcus

29
Q

where does the centre of the visual axis (macula) go?

A

occipital pole

30
Q

as you go along calcarine sulcus does vision become more central or peripheral?

A

central

31
Q

how do visual field fibres get to lower calcarine sulcus?

A

inf. horn of lat ventricle

meyer’s loops

32
Q

scotoma definition

A

localised patch of blindness

33
Q

anopia definition

A

refers to the loss of one of more quadrants of the visual field

34
Q

hemianopia definition

A

half of the visual field is lost

35
Q

quadrantanopia definition

A

quarter of the visual field is lost

36
Q

homonymous definition

A

visual field losses are similar for both sides

37
Q

heteronymous definition

A

visual field losses are on different sides

38
Q

what happens when you cut optic nerve in one eye

A

blind in one eye

monocular blindness

39
Q

pituitary gland growth causes what

A

heteronymous hemianopia
loss of crossing fibres

aka bitemporal hemianopia

40
Q

optic tract damage

A

homonymous hemianopia

41
Q

optic radiation damage

A

homonymous quadrantanomia (with macula sparing)

42
Q

both optic radia damaged

A

homonymous hemianopia (with macula sparing)

43
Q

tip of occipital pole damage

A

scotoma

44
Q

what percentage of fibres goes where?

A

10% go to the lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus

45
Q

what does pupillary light reflex test?

A

Afferent: optic nerve and tract
Efferent: oculomotor

46
Q

what muscle constricts the eye? which nerve?

A 
sphincter pupillae (circular)
oculomotor
short ciliary
47
Q

what muscles dilates the eye? which nerve?

A 
dilator pupillae (radial)
long ciliary
48
Q

what components are there of pupillary light reflex?

A

direct

consensual

49
Q

what is direct component?

A

light in one eye, same pupil constricts

50
Q

what is consensual component?

A

light in one eye, other pupil constricts

51
Q

how do the pupillary light fibres enter the mid brain?

A

synapses in pre-tectal area

52
Q

what sits either side of cerebral aqueduct?

A

Edniger-Westphal nucleus

53
Q

What is the Edniger-Westphal nucleus?

A

Receives ipsilateral and contralateral optic fibres

Parasympathetic oculomotor nucleus

Gives off pre-ganglionic fibre

54
Q

Where does the pre-ganglionic nerve from the Edniger-Westphal nucleus go to?

A

Ciliary ganglion (runs with oculomotor nerve)

55
Q

would your eyes be permanently dilated if one of your optic nerves is damaged?

A

No

Because oculomotor is intact

56
Q

would your eyes be permanently dilated if one of your oculomotor nerves is damaged?

A

Yes

Unopposed sympathetic input

57
Q

can ask about accommodation reflex

A

but not until the integrated

Control Term Two (25 decks)

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