Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Control Term Two > Epilepsy > Flashcards

Epilepsy Flashcards

1
Q

Seizure clinical definition

A

Abnormally excessive and hypersynchronous activity of neurones located mainly in cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Classification of seizures

A

Generalised (both hemispheres)
Partial (one hemisphere)
Secondary generalised (partial that spreads to general)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Generalised can cause what movements

A 
Absence
Myoclonic
Tonic-clonic
Tonic
Atonic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Partial seizure can cause

A

Simple
Complex
With secondary general

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Partial seizure of parietal lobe

A

Tingling/jerking of leg, arm, face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Partial seizure of occipital lobe

A

Flashing lights or spots, vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Partial seizure of temporal lobe

A

Strange smell or taste
Altered behaviour
Deja vu
Lip smacking/ jaw movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Partial seizure of frontal lobe (front)

A

Adversive seizures

Eyes or head turn to one side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Partial seizure of frontal lobe (back)

A

Jacksonian seizure

Tingling feeling in hand or arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an EEG?

A

Electroencephalography

Uses scalp electrodes to record the electrical activity along the scalp produced by the firing of neurones within the brain.

Spike-wave discharges analysed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Status epilepticus - what is it?

A

SE
Life-threatening condition in which the brain is in persistent seizure.
Medical emergency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Status epilepticus - time scales

A

> 30 mins of continuous seizure

Two or more sequential seizures spanning this period without full recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Status epilepticus - treatment

A

GABAa receptor agonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Epilepsy - what is it?

A

A condition in which seizures recur, usually spontaneously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Basic mechanisms for seizures

A

Excitation - ionic: Na+, Ca2+ influx; neurotrans: glutamate, aspartate release

Inhibition: ionic: Cl- influx, K+ efflux; neurotrans - GABA release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is done to keep brain waves flowing in one direction?

A

Inhibitory interneurones allow activity to spread in one direction, but not sideways.

They release GABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are interneurones?

A

10%-20% of neurones

How initially localised hyperexcitability spreads into surrounding neuronal networks.

Are counter balanced by inhibitory mechanisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is GABA?

A 
y-aminobutyric acid
Major inhibitory neurotrans
Found at 30% of synapses
GABAa and GABAb
Pentameric protein
The composition of subunits affect affinity for diazepam or zolpidem
19
Q

GABAa receptor type

A

Ligand-gated chloride channel receptor

20
Q

GABAb receptor type

A

G protein-coupled receptor

21
Q

GABAa subunit mutations causes which types of epilepsies

A

CAE (childhood absence epilepsy)
FS (pure febrile seizures)
GEFS+ (generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus)
JME (juvenile myoclonic epilepsy)
DS (Dravet syndrome – also know as SMEI (severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy))

22
Q

History of dravet syndrome

A

First at 3 months, reported at 26 yo.
Febrile seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, myoclonic seizures, absence seizures, complex partial seizures and tonic seizures

23
Q

Post-status epilepticus model results

A

The modulation of GABAa receptors subunit composition by gene transfer is one approach that may prevent epileptogenesis

24
Q

What do antiepileptic drugs do?

A

Treat symptoms of seizures not epileptic condition

25
Q

Antiepileptic drugs - modes of action

A

Suppress APs - via Na blockers or K openers

Enhance GABA transmission - via GABA uptake inhibitors or mimetics

Suppression of excitatory transmission - glutamate receptor antagonist

26
Q

Anticonvulsant drugs - main mechanisms of action

A

Enhance GABA transmission

Inhibition of Na channels

Combinations of the above

27
Q

Anticonvulsant drugs - seizure type = partial simple & partial complex - which drug?

A

Carbamazepine
Phenytion
Valproic acid

28
Q

Anticonvulsant drugs -

seizure type = generalised tonic clonic

A

Carbamazepine
Phenytoin
Valproic acid

29
Q

Anticonvulsant drugs -

seizure type = absence

A

Ethosuximide

Valproic acid

30
Q

Anticonvulsant drugs -

seizure type = atypical abscence, atonic, myoclonic

A

Valproic acid

31
Q

Anticonvulsant drugs -

seizure type = febrile seizures

A

Diazpam, rectal

32
Q

Mechanisms of action of benzodiazepines

A

Increase affinity of GABA for its receptor

by:

  1. increasing Cl- current
  2. suppresses seizure by raising AP threshold
33
Q

Unwanted side effects of benzodiazepines

A

Main = sedation

Tolerance and dependency issues

Also, resp. depression if used IV

34
Q

Inhibition of Na+ channels uses which drugs

A

Phenytoin
Carbamazepine
Oxcarbamazepine
Lamotrigine

35
Q

Phenytoin mechanism of action

A
  1. Na+ channel opens
  2. Na+ channel closes
  3. Hyperpolarised state

Phenytoin binds in the hyperpolarised state and slows recovery

36
Q

Mixed actions - which drugs

A

Gabapentin
Valproate - main
Levetiracetam

37
Q

Mixed actions - their uses

A

Effective vs tonic-clonic and abscence

Can also be used in bipolar depressive illness

Oral
Well-absorbed

38
Q

Mechanism of action of valproate

A

Inhibits Na+ channels weakly

Decreased GABA turnover via inhibiting enzymes = more synaptic GABA

Blocks neurotransmitter release by blocking T-type Ca2+ channels

39
Q

Antiepileptics and pregnancy

A

Seizures are very harmful in pregnancy

Monotherapy prefered

Folic acid supplements recommended

Phenytoin, valproic acid are absolutely contraindicated - the others are better

40
Q

Foetal hydantoin syndrome - % of women on … drug

A

30% of mothers on phenytoin drug

41
Q

Foetal hydantoin syndrome - clinical presentation

A

Intrauterine growth restriction w/ microcephaly

Minor dysmorphic craniofacial features and limb defects

Small population has growth problems and developmental delay or mental retardation

Heart defects, cleft lip

42
Q

Foetal valproate syndrome

A

limb deformities

Valproic acid exposure

43
Q

How effective are these anti-epileptic drugs?

A

70% seizure free with one drug

5 to 10% seizure free with 2 or more

20% still have seizures

Control Term Two (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions