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Ophthalmology > Visual loss and blindness > Flashcards

Visual loss and blindness Flashcards

1
Q

Amaurosis fugax

A

Painless, transient monocular vision loss
Transient CRAO
Lasts 5 mins, full recovery
May be sign of a stroke

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2
Q

Emmetropia

A

Normal

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3
Q

Hypermetropia

A

Long sighted

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4
Q

Myopia

A

Short sighted

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5
Q

Presbyopia

A

Deterioration with age, less compliant lens

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6
Q

How to correct hypermetropia

A

Convex lens (+)

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7
Q

How to correct myopia

A

Concave lens (-)

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8
Q

ARMD vision

A

Central vision lost

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9
Q

Blood to inner 2/3 retina

A

Central retinal artery

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10
Q

Blood to outer 2/3 retina and optic nerve head

A

Posterior ciliary artery

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11
Q

Symptoms and signs of CRAO

A

Sudden profound LOV
Painless
RAPD
Pale oedematous retina, cherry red spot

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12
Q

Causes of CRAO

A

Carotid artery disease

Emboli

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13
Q

Treatment of CRAO

A 
Ocular massage (within 24 hours)
Induce hypercapnia (breathe into paper bag)
IV acetazolamide bolus
Surgically decompress anterior chamber
Carotid doppler
Assess risk factors
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14
Q

Management of amaurosis fugax

A

Refer to TIA clinic

Aspirin

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15
Q

Causes of CRVO

A

Atherosclerosis
HT
Hyperviscosity
Raised IOP

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16
Q

Symptoms and signs of CRVO

A

Sudden visual loss
Retinal haemorrhages, dilated tortous veins, disc and macular swelling
Cotton wool spots

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17
Q

Treatment of CRVO

A

Anti-vEGF

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18
Q

Ischaemic optic neuropathy

A

Occlusion of optic nerve head
Posterior ciliary arteries occluded (outer 1/3 retina)
Ischaemia = optic nerve dysfunction

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19
Q

2 types of ischaemic optic neyropathy

A

Arteritic - inflammation of BVs (GCA)

Non-arteritic - atherosclerosis

20
Q

Symptoms and signs of ischaemic optic neuropathy

A

Sudden profound visual loss
Swollen disc, pale, blurred edges
Irreversible blindness

21
Q

Symptoms of GCA

A

Jaw claudication, scalp tenderness, headache, enlarged arteries, malaise, amaurosis fugax, high CRP/PV

22
Q

Treatment of ischaemic optic neruopathy

A

High dose steroids

23
Q

Symptoms and signs of viterous haemorrhage

A

Loss of vision, floaters

Loss of red reflex one side, haemorrhages, no RAPD

24
Q

Management of vitreous haemorrhage

A

Vitrectomy

25
Q

Symptoms and signs of retinal detachment

A

Painless LOV
Flashes, floaters
RAPD
Tear on ophthalmoscopy

26
Q

Treatment of retinal detachment

A

Surgery
Laser
Steroids in non-rhegmatogenous

27
Q

Dry ARMD

A

Gradual reduction in central vision
Drusen (lipids) yellow dots
Atrophic retina
Central scotoma

28
Q

Wet ARMD

A

Rapid central vision loss
Distorsion (metamorphosia)
Haemorrhage, exudate
New BVs grow under retina, leak, fragile = bleed

29
Q

Metamorphosia

A

Distorsion

Wet ARMD

30
Q

Treatment of wet ARMD

31
Q

Causes of gradua LOV

A 
Cataract
ARMD (dry)
Refractive error
Diabetic retinopathy
Inherited (retinitis pigmentosa)
Glaucoma
Access to eye clinic
Non-urgent
32
Q

Causes of cataract

A 
Age related
Congenital
Traumatic
Diabetes
Steroids
33
Q

Treatment of cataract

A

Surgical removal

Lens implant

34
Q

Symptoms and signs of POAG

A 
Asymp
Increase IOP
Cupped disc
Visual field defect
Flame haemorrhages
35
Q

Treatment of POAG

A

Pressure lowering eye drops

Surgery/laser

36
Q

Symptoms and signs of AACG

A

Sudden LOV
Painful
headache, N+V

37
Q

Flame shaped haemorrhages

A

Rupture of microaneurysm at nerve level

38
Q

Blot haemorrhages

A

Rupture of microaneurysms deep in retina

39
Q

Tractional retinal detachment

A

Vitreous membranes pull on retina. Vessels fibrous.
No holes/tears
Diabetic retinopathy

40
Q

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

A

Full thickness tear in retina, most common

Vitreous moves under retina

41
Q

Exudative retinal detachment

A

Build up of exudate between retina and pigment epithelium

Uveitis

42
Q

Normal optic disc colour

A

Pink/yellow

43
Q

If disc is pale/white

A

Problem with myelin OR vascularisation

44
Q

Disc in papilloedema

A 
Contour not well defined
Cup disappears (swelling)
Flame haemorrhages
45
Q

Disc in glaucoma

A 
Clear contour
Large cup (loss of fibres)
46
Q

Disc in MS

A

Pale disc (demyelination)

Ophthalmology (11 decks)

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