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Ophthalmology > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Obstruction of CSF flow/increased production
Enlarged ventricles
Headache, N+V, visual disturbance, coma

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2
Q

CSF production involves transport of what ions?

A

Na, Cl, HCO3-

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3
Q

CSF compared with plasma

A

Lower K, gluose, bicarb and protein

Higher, Na and Cl

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4
Q

BBB consists of

A

Endothelium
Basal membrane
Perivascular astrocytes

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5
Q

Tumours associatd with the venricles

A

Colloid cyst (glioma at IV foramen)
Pinealoma (pineal gland in midbrain)
Ependymoma (glioma of ependymal cells of ventricles, kids)
Choroid plexus tumours (kids)

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6
Q

Epidural haematoma

A

Between skull and dura

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7
Q

Subdural haematoma

A

Between dura and arachnoid

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8
Q

Normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

Incontinence, dementia, gait disturbance

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9
Q

Idiopathic Intracranial HT

A

Obese females, childbearing age
Headache, visual disturbance, papilloedema, NO imaging features
Tx: weight loss, meds, shunt

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10
Q

Papilloedema

A

Optic disc swelling due to raised ICP
Blind spot, blurring, loss of vision
Bulging optic disc, flame haemorrhage
Bilateral

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11
Q

2 layers of ciliary body epithelium

A

Inner pigmented epithelium

Outer non-pigmented epithelium

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12
Q

How is aqueous formed?

A

Net movement of NaCl from IF to aqueous = water follows

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13
Q

Which is replaced faster, posterior or anterior chamber?

A

Posterior

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14
Q

CA inhibitors

A

Reduce production of aqueous = treats glaucoma (blocks NaCl and water)
Dorzolamide - local
Acetazolamide - systemic effect on kidney = acidosis

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15
Q

Transduction

A

Light to electrical energy

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16
Q

Layers light has to cross

A

Ganglion cells
Bipolar cells
Photoreceptors

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17
Q

Horizontal cells

A

Receive from photoreceptors

Transmit to photoreceptors and bipolar cells

18
Q

Amacrine cells

A

Receive from bipolar cells

Transmit to bipolar cells and ganglion cells

19
Q

Constant/Dark current

A

More active in dark (more depolarisation = more glutamate released), Na channel open (positive charge enters = depol)

20
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

-20mV

21
Q

What happens with light exposure?

A

Hyperpolarisation (more negative)

Na channel closes

22
Q

In the dark which is greater Pna or Pk?

A

Pna = Pk

23
Q

In the light which is greater Pna or Pk?

A

Pk is greater than Pna

24
Q

Rhodopsin

A

Visual pigment molecules

Allows reactions to different amounts of light

25
Q

Light converts 11-cis-retinal to:

A

all-trans-retinal (activated form of rhodopsin)

26
Q

What does all-trans-retinal do?

A

Decreases cGMP = closes Na channel = hyperpol

27
Q

More or less glutamate in the dark?

A

More glutamate in dark

Less glutamate in light

28
Q

Define visual acuity

A

Ability to distinguish between 2 points (determined by photoreceptor spacing)

29
Q

Rods activated in:

A

dim light

30
Q

Cones activated in:

A

bright light (less sensitive than rods)

31
Q

Acuity of rods and cones

A

Cones: high acuity
Rods: low acuity

32
Q

Convergence of rods and cones

A

Cones: low convergence
Rods: high convergence

33
Q

3 types of cone

A

Blue: short wave
Green: middle wave
Red: long wave

34
Q

Features of rods

A 
Achromatic
Peripheral retina
High convergence
Low acuity
Sensitive
35
Q

Features of cones

A 
Chromatic
Central retina
Low convergence
High acuity
Not very sensitive
36
Q

Define receptive field

A

Part of retina that needs to be stimulated to elicit AP from a ganglion cell

37
Q

What layer of the striate cortex are inputs segregated?

A

Layer 4 = monocular info

38
Q

In most of visual cortex inputs are segrgated into:

A

Ocular dominance columns (each column dominated by one eye)

39
Q

Amblyopia

A

Cortical blindness

One eye has better vision than the other

40
Q

Cause of amblyopia

A

Strabysmus = surgery or patch

Ophthalmology (11 decks)

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