Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Corneal epithelium is:

A

Lipophilic/hydrophobic

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2
Q

What kind of drugs penetrate corneal epithelium?

A

Lipid soluble

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3
Q

Corneal stroma is:

A

Lipophobic/hydrophilic

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4
Q

What kind of drugs penetrate corneal stroma?

A

Water soluble

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5
Q

Drug that has lipophilic and hydrophilic properties

A

Chloramphenicol

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6
Q

What makes a steroid hydrophobic?

A

Alcohol
Acetate
= good penetration of uninflamed cornea

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7
Q

What makes a steroid hydrophilic?

A

Phosphate

= good penetration of inflamed cornea

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8
Q

Inflammation makes cornea:

A

more hydrophilic

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9
Q

How to enhance corneal penetration

A
Change drug (make hydrophobic/hydrophilic)
Add preservative, disrupts lipid layer (benzalkonium)
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10
Q

Drug that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

A

Chloramphenicol

Inhibits peptidyl transferase

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11
Q

Is chloramphenicol bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bactericidal for Strep and Haemophilus

Bacteriostatic for Staph

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12
Q

Side effects of chloramphenicol

A

Aplastic anaemis

Grey baby syndrome

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13
Q

Antibiotics that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

A

Quinolones, e.g. Ofloxacin

Inhibits DNA gyrase = prevents supercoiling

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14
Q

What is ofloxacin used to treat?

A

Bacterial keratitis

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15
Q

Antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis

A

Penicillins and Cephalosporins - B lactam ring (inhibits enzyme for cell wall)

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16
Q

When are steroids used?

A

Post-op cataracts
Uveitis
To prevent corneal graft rejection
NOT IN RED EYE - might be herpetic

17
Q

Binocular ishcaemic neuropathy

A

Haemorrhage

18
Q

Monocular ischaemic neuropathy

A

Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy

19
Q

Side effects of steroids

A

Cataract, glaucoma, exacerbation of virus

Gastric ulcers, immsupp, osteoporosis, diabetes, weight gain, psych effects

20
Q

Symptoms of glaucoma

A

Progressive optic neuropathy (loss of optic nerve fibres) = enlarged cup
Central vision preserved
Raised IOP

21
Q

Treatment of glaucoma

A

Prostanoids - Latanoprost
B blockers - timolol (blocks CB)
CA inhibitor - acetazolamide (blocks CB)
alpha agonist - Brimonidine (increase outflow)
Parasympathomimetic - Pilocarpine (increase outflow)

22
Q

Treatment for endophthalmitis

A

Intravitreal antibiotics

23
Q

Diagnostic drops

A

Fluorescein - shows abrasions

24
Q

Mydriatic drops

A

Tropicamide (block para to iris)

25
LA
Blocks Na channels and impedes nerve conduction
26
When is LA used?
FB removal Tonometry (pressure) Corneal scrape Comfort
27
Side effects of tropicamide
Blurring | AACG (come back if headache)
28
Side effect of ethambutol
Optic neuropathy (colour then peripheral vision)
29
Side effect of chloroquine
Maculopathy (bullseye)
30
Side effect of amiodarone
Optic neuropathy (whorl opacities) = blurred vision, halos