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Ophthalmology > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Corneal epithelium is:

A

Lipophilic/hydrophobic

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2
Q

What kind of drugs penetrate corneal epithelium?

A

Lipid soluble

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3
Q

Corneal stroma is:

A

Lipophobic/hydrophilic

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4
Q

What kind of drugs penetrate corneal stroma?

A

Water soluble

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5
Q

Drug that has lipophilic and hydrophilic properties

A

Chloramphenicol

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6
Q

What makes a steroid hydrophobic?

A

Alcohol
Acetate
= good penetration of uninflamed cornea

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7
Q

What makes a steroid hydrophilic?

A

Phosphate

= good penetration of inflamed cornea

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8
Q

Inflammation makes cornea:

A

more hydrophilic

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9
Q

How to enhance corneal penetration

A 
Change drug (make hydrophobic/hydrophilic)
Add preservative, disrupts lipid layer (benzalkonium)
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10
Q

Drug that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

A

Chloramphenicol

Inhibits peptidyl transferase

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11
Q

Is chloramphenicol bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bactericidal for Strep and Haemophilus

Bacteriostatic for Staph

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12
Q

Side effects of chloramphenicol

A

Aplastic anaemis

Grey baby syndrome

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13
Q

Antibiotics that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

A

Quinolones, e.g. Ofloxacin

Inhibits DNA gyrase = prevents supercoiling

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14
Q

What is ofloxacin used to treat?

A

Bacterial keratitis

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15
Q

Antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis

A

Penicillins and Cephalosporins - B lactam ring (inhibits enzyme for cell wall)

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16
Q

When are steroids used?

A

Post-op cataracts
Uveitis
To prevent corneal graft rejection
NOT IN RED EYE - might be herpetic

17
Q

Binocular ishcaemic neuropathy

A

Haemorrhage

18
Q

Monocular ischaemic neuropathy

A

Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy

19
Q

Side effects of steroids

A

Cataract, glaucoma, exacerbation of virus

Gastric ulcers, immsupp, osteoporosis, diabetes, weight gain, psych effects

20
Q

Symptoms of glaucoma

A

Progressive optic neuropathy (loss of optic nerve fibres) = enlarged cup
Central vision preserved
Raised IOP

21
Q

Treatment of glaucoma

A

Prostanoids - Latanoprost
B blockers - timolol (blocks CB)
CA inhibitor - acetazolamide (blocks CB)
alpha agonist - Brimonidine (increase outflow)
Parasympathomimetic - Pilocarpine (increase outflow)

22
Q

Treatment for endophthalmitis

A

Intravitreal antibiotics

23
Q

Diagnostic drops

A

Fluorescein - shows abrasions

24
Q

Mydriatic drops

A

Tropicamide (block para to iris)

25
Q

LA

A

Blocks Na channels and impedes nerve conduction

26
Q

When is LA used?

A

FB removal
Tonometry (pressure)
Corneal scrape
Comfort

27
Q

Side effects of tropicamide

A

Blurring

AACG (come back if headache)

28
Q

Side effect of ethambutol

A

Optic neuropathy (colour then peripheral vision)

29
Q

Side effect of chloroquine

A

Maculopathy (bullseye)

30
Q

Side effect of amiodarone

A

Optic neuropathy (whorl opacities) = blurred vision, halos

Ophthalmology (11 decks)

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