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Y2 Ophthalmology > Visual Loss and Blindness > Flashcards

Visual Loss and Blindness Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of visual loss?

A

sudden

gradual

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2
Q

what are the two symptoms of CRAO?

A

sudden visual loss

painless

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3
Q

what sign is seen in CRAO?

A

RAPD

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4
Q

what is seen on fundoscopy of CRAO?

A

pale oedematous retina

thread like retinal vessels

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5
Q

what can cause CRAO?

A

carotid artery disease

emboli

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6
Q

what are two variants of CRAO?

A

branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO)

amaurosis fugax

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7
Q

what is amaurosis fugax?

A

transient CRAO

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8
Q

how does amaurosis fugax present?

A

transient painless visual loss - like a curtain coming down over the eye

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9
Q

how is amaurosis fugax managed?

A

refer to the stroke clinic

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10
Q

how does CRVO present?

A

sudden visual loss

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11
Q

what are four signs of CRVO?

A

retinal haemorrhages
dilated tortuous veins
disc swelling
macular swelling

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12
Q

what is ischaemic optic neuropathy?

A

occlusion of the optic nerve head circulation

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13
Q

how does ischaemic optic neuropathy present?

A

sudden visual loss

usually painful

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14
Q

what is seen on fundoscopy of ischaemic optic neuropathy?

A

swollen optic nerve

pale swollen disc

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15
Q

what is a common cause of ischaemic optic neuropathy?

A

temporal arteritis

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16
Q

how does vitreous haemorrhage present?

A

loss of vision

floaters

17
Q

what signs are seen in vitreous haemorrhage?

A

loss of red reflex

haemorrhage on fundoscopy

18
Q

how does retinal detachment present?

A

painless loss of vision

sudden onset of flashes and floaters

19
Q

what are the signs of retinal detachment?

A

RAPD

tear on ophthalmoscopy

20
Q

what causes wet ARMD?

A

new blood vessels growing under the retina

21
Q

what are the symptoms of wet ARMD?

A

rapid visual loss

distorsion

22
Q

what are the symptoms of closed angle glaucoma?

A 
pain
red eye 
sudden visual loss 
headache 
N+V
23
Q

what are the signs of closed angle glaucoma?

A

red eye
cloudy cornea
dilated pupil

24
Q

what are cataracts?

A

clouding of the lens

25
Q

name four types of cataracts

A

nuclear
posterior sub capsular
Christmas tree
congenital

26
Q

how does a cataract present?

A

gradual visual loss

27
Q

how are cataracts managed?

A

surgical removal with a lens implant if the patient is symptomatic

28
Q

what are the symptoms of dry ARMD?

A

gradual decline in vision

central vision scotoma

29
Q

what are the signs of dry ARMD?

A

drusen

atrophic patches of retina

30
Q

what are drusen?

A

build up of waste products below RPE

31
Q

how is dry ARMD managed?

A

isn’t really any

supportive - vision aids, social support

32
Q

how does open angle glaucoma often present?

A

usually found incidentally

33
Q

what are the signs of open angle glaucoma?

A

cupped disc

visual field defect

Y2 Ophthalmology (15 decks)

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