Visual Loss and Blindness Flashcards
what are the two types of visual loss?
sudden
gradual
what are the two symptoms of CRAO?
sudden visual loss
painless
what sign is seen in CRAO?
RAPD
what is seen on fundoscopy of CRAO?
pale oedematous retina
thread like retinal vessels
what can cause CRAO?
carotid artery disease
emboli
what are two variants of CRAO?
branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO)
amaurosis fugax
what is amaurosis fugax?
transient CRAO
how does amaurosis fugax present?
transient painless visual loss - like a curtain coming down over the eye
how is amaurosis fugax managed?
refer to the stroke clinic
how does CRVO present?
sudden visual loss
what are four signs of CRVO?
retinal haemorrhages
dilated tortuous veins
disc swelling
macular swelling
what is ischaemic optic neuropathy?
occlusion of the optic nerve head circulation
how does ischaemic optic neuropathy present?
sudden visual loss
usually painful
what is seen on fundoscopy of ischaemic optic neuropathy?
swollen optic nerve
pale swollen disc
what is a common cause of ischaemic optic neuropathy?
temporal arteritis
how does vitreous haemorrhage present?
loss of vision
floaters
what signs are seen in vitreous haemorrhage?
loss of red reflex
haemorrhage on fundoscopy
how does retinal detachment present?
painless loss of vision
sudden onset of flashes and floaters
what are the signs of retinal detachment?
RAPD
tear on ophthalmoscopy
what causes wet ARMD?
new blood vessels growing under the retina
what are the symptoms of wet ARMD?
rapid visual loss
distorsion
what are the symptoms of closed angle glaucoma?
pain red eye sudden visual loss headache N+V
what are the signs of closed angle glaucoma?
red eye
cloudy cornea
dilated pupil
what are cataracts?
clouding of the lens
