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Y2 Ophthalmology > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

how does bacterial conjunctivitis present?

A

red, swollen and inflamed conjunctiva

sticky discharge

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2
Q

if bacterial conjunctivitis is present in neonates in the first 28 days, what needs to be doen?

A

refer to ophthalmology

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3
Q

what are three common causes of bacterial conjunctivitis in neonates?

A

s aureus
neisseria gonorrhoea
chlamydia trachomatis

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4
Q

what are the three common causes of bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

staph aureus
strep pneumoniae
haemophilus influenzae (especially in children)

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5
Q

how is bacterial conjunctivitis managed?

A

topical antibiotic - chloramphenicol

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6
Q

when should chloramphenicol be avoided?

A

history of aplastic anaemia

allergy

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7
Q

what three viruses can cause viral conjunctivitis?

A

adenovirus
herpes simplex
herpes zoster

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8
Q

when can herpes zoster cause viral conjunctivitis?

A

if shingles is affecting the CN VI dermatome

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9
Q

what is the most common cause of viral conjunctivitis?

A

adenovirus

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10
Q

how does adenovirus viral conjunctivitis present?

A

profuse watery discharge

red eye

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11
Q

what commonly precedes an adenoviral conjunctivitis?

A

URTI

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12
Q

what history is usually present in chlamydial conjunctivitis?

A

chronic history of conjunctivitis that is unresponsive to treatments

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13
Q

when should chlamydial conjunctivitis be suspected?

A

bilateral conjunctivitis in young adults

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14
Q

what needs to be done if someone has chlamydial conjunctivitis?

A

contact tracing

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15
Q

what complication can chlamydial conjunctivitis cause?

A

subtarsal scarring

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16
Q

what is microbial keratitis?

A

infection of the cornea

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17
Q

what should GP’s do when someone presents with keratitis?

A

refer to ophthalmology

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18
Q

why is bacterial keratitis rare?

A

the cornea is good at resisting infection

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19
Q

what can be seen in the eye in bacterial keratitis?

A

infiltrates

hypopyon

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20
Q

what is a hypopyon?

A

a layer of white cells that have settled in the anterior chamber

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21
Q

what can bacterial keratitis result in?

A

perforation of the cornea

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22
Q

how is bacterial keratitis managed?

A

admission for hourly eye drops

23
Q

what causes herpetic keratitis?

A

herpes simplex virus

24
Q

when is herpetic keratitis painful?

A

the first time

if recurrent - reduced corneal sensation

25
Q

what is the characteristic appearance of herpetic keratitis?

A

a dendritic ulcer in the outer cornea

26
Q

how is herpetic keratitis managed?

A

topical antiviral = ganciclovir

27
Q

what should not be given in herpetic keratitis and why?

A

steroids

can cause a corneal melt + perforation

28
Q

what will be present in herpetic keratitis due to herpes zoster?

A

multiple dendritic ulcers instead of just one

29
Q

what does adenoviral keratitis result in?

A

sub epithelial infiltrates that can impact vision

30
Q

when does adenoviral keratitis often occur?

A

after conjunctivitis or an URTI

31
Q

how is adenoviral keratitis managed?

A

tends to be self limiting

may need mild topical steroids if chronic

32
Q

is adenoviral keratitis usually unilateral or bilateral?

A

bilateral

33
Q

who is fungal keratitis seen in?

A

people who work outside

those with ocular surface diseases

34
Q

why is fungal keratitis often diagnosed late?

A

resembles bacterial keratitis

35
Q

how is fungal keratitis maanged?

A

topical antifungals - natamycin

36
Q

what causes acanthamoeba keratitis?

A

when contact lens wearers wash their lenses with water and parasites get o them

37
Q

what is seen in acanthamoeba keratitis?

A

a ring deposit in the cornea

38
Q

how is preseptal cellulitis managed?

A

systemic antibiotics

39
Q

how does orbital cellulitis present?

A

pain when moving the eye
proptosis
pyrexia

40
Q

what is proptosis?

A

protrusion of the eye

41
Q

what is orbital cellulitis often associated with?

A

paranasal sinusitis

42
Q

how can orbital cellulitis be sight threatening?

A

can compress the optic nerve

43
Q

what investigation is done in orbital cellulitis and why?

A

CT

look for orbital abscesses

44
Q

when does orbital cellulitis often occur?

A

after an operation

45
Q

what is endophthalmitis?

A

an infection of the inside of the eye

46
Q

how does endophthalmitis present?

A

extreme pain
decreasing vision
red eye

47
Q

what causes endophthalmitis?

A

conjunctival commensals getting into the eye during surgery

48
Q

what is the most common causative organism of endophthalmitis?

A

staph epidermidis

49
Q

how is endophthalmitis managed?

A

intravitreal amikacin/vancomycin

topical antibiotics

50
Q

name two things that can cause chorioretinitis

A

toxoplasmosis

toxocara

51
Q

what is toxoplasmosis?

A

a protozoan infection with toxoplasmosis gondii

52
Q

how do people get toxoplasmosis?

A

congenital

acquired - contaminated soil, undercooked meat

53
Q

how is toxoplasmosis managed if sight threatening?

A

antibiotics and steroids

Y2 Ophthalmology (15 decks)

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