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Y2 Ophthalmology > Anatomy of the Eye > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Eye Flashcards

1
Q

what is the orbit?

A

the bony cavity housing the eye

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2
Q

how many bones make up the orbit?

A

7

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3
Q

what are the bones that make up the orbit?

A 
frontal 
zygomatic 
maxilla 
palatine 
sphenoid 
ethmoid 
lacrimal
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4
Q

what is the most superior bone in the orbit?

A

frontal

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5
Q

what is the lateral bone of the orbit?

A

zygomatic

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6
Q

what is the inferior and medial bone in the orbit?

A

maxilla

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7
Q

what are the orbital plates?

A

flat areas on the walls of the orbit

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8
Q

which bones have orbital plates?

A

ethmoid
frontal
maxilla

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9
Q

what is more likely to affect a bone with an orbital plate?

A

a fracture

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10
Q

what passes through the optic canal?

A

optic nerve

ophthalmic artery

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11
Q

what nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure?

A

CN III
CN IV
CN VI

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12
Q

what cranial nerves control the movement of the eye?

A

3 4 and 6

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13
Q

where is the optic canal located?

A

the sphenoid bone

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14
Q

where is the superior orbital fissure located?

A

the sphenoid bone

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15
Q

where is the infraorbital foramen located?

A

the maxilla

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16
Q

where is the supraorbital notch located?

A

the frontal bone

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17
Q

what shape is the orbit?

A

pyramidal

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18
Q

what is another name for the base of the orbit?

A

the orbital rim

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19
Q

what is the external layer of the eyelid made of?

A

muscle

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20
Q

what is the muscle that makes up the external eyelid?

A

orbicularis oculi

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21
Q

what are the two parts of orbicularis oculi?

A

orbital and palpebral parts

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22
Q

where is the orbital part of orbicularis oculi found and what does it do?

A

surrounding the orbit

closes eyes tightly

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23
Q

where is the palpebral part of orbicularis oculi found and whta does it do?

A

on the eyelid

closes eyes gently

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24
Q

what nerve innervates the orbicularis oculi?

A

CN VII

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25
Q

what is the deeper layer of the eyelid made of?

A

fibrous connective tissue

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26
Q

what does the orbital septum help with?

A

preventing spread of infection in the orbit

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27
Q

what does LPS stand for?

A

levator palpebrae superioris

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28
Q

what does the lacrimal gland produce?

A

lacrimal fluid

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29
Q

what nerve innervates the lacrimal gland?

A

CN VII

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30
Q

where does lacrimal fluid that has been on the eye draiN?

A

through the lacrimal puncta into the canaliculi

drains into the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity

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31
Q

how many extraocular muscle are there?

A

seven

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32
Q

what are the groups of extraocular muscles?

A

4 rectus muscles
2 oblique muscles
levator palpebrae superioris

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33
Q

where do the rectus muscles run?

A

straight onto the eyeball from the posterior orbit

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34
Q

what are the four rectus muscles?

A

superior
inferior
medial
lateral

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35
Q

what are the two oblique muscles?

A

superior

inferior

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36
Q

where do the rectus muscles originate?

A

common tendinous ring

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37
Q

where do the rectus muscles insert?

A

sclera

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38
Q

where does the superior oblique originate?

A

sphenoid bone

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39
Q

where does the superior oblique pass before inserting?

A

through the trochlea

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40
Q

where does the inferior oblique originate?

A

the orbital plate of the maxilla

41
Q

where do the oblique muscles insert?

42
Q

where does the LPS originate?

A

lesser wing of sphenoid

43
Q

where does LPS insert?

A

onto the skin and tarsus of the superior eyelid

44
Q

what is the mnemonic used to remember the innervation of the extraocular muscles?

A

LR6 SO4 AO3

lateral rectus - CN 6
superior oblique - CN 4
all others - CN 3

45
Q

what is another name for the limbus?

A

the corneoscleral junction

46
Q

what is the limbus?

A

where the cornea and sclera meet at the margins of the iris

47
Q

what is the conjunctiva on the eye called?

A

the bulbar conjunctiva

48
Q

what is the conjunctiva on the surface of the eyelid called?

A

palpebral conjunctiva

49
Q

what is the area where the conjunctiva is reflected onto the eyelid called?

A

the conjunctival fornix

50
Q

what covers the iris?

A

the cornea

51
Q

how does the cornea get its nutrients?

A

from lacrimal fluid and aqueous fluid

52
Q

how does the lacrimal fluid get oxygen?

A

from the air in front of the eye

53
Q

what are the three layers of the eye from outer to inner?

A

fibrous
uvea
retina

54
Q

what are the two parts of the fibrous layer of the eye?

A

sclera

cornea

55
Q

what is another name for the uvea?

A

the vascular layer

56
Q

what are the three parts of the uvea?

A

iris
ciliary body
choroid

57
Q

what makes up the majority of the uvea?

A

the choroid

58
Q

what are the two segments of the eye?

A

anterior

posterior

59
Q

where is the anterior segment found?

A

in front of the lens

60
Q

what are the two parts of the anterior segment?

A

anterior chamber

posterior chamber

61
Q

where is the anterior chamber?

A

between the cornea and the iris

62
Q

where is the posterior chamber?

A

between the iris and the ligaments of the lens

63
Q

where is the posterior segment?

A

behind the lens

64
Q

what does the posterior segment contain?

A

vitreous body/humour

65
Q

what is the role of the vitreous humour?

A

holds the retina in place

helps support the lens

66
Q

what produces aqueous humour?

A

ciliary body

67
Q

where does aqueous humour flow?

A

posterior chamber then through the pupil to the anterior chamber

68
Q

where is the aqueous humour reabsorbed into?

A

the scleral venous sinus at the iridocorneal angle

69
Q

what is another name for the scleral venous sinus?

A

canal of Schlemm

70
Q

what makes up the majority of the blood supply to the eye?

A

the ophthalmic artery

71
Q

what artery is the ophthalmic artery a branch of?

A

internal carotid

72
Q

how does the internal carotid artery enter the cranial cavity?

A

via the carotid canal

73
Q

how does the ophthalmic artery enter the orbital cavity?

A

through the optic canal

74
Q

what are the three features found on the retina?

A

optic disc
macula
fovea

75
Q

what is the optic disc?

A

the area of CN II formation

the only point of entry/exit for vessels

76
Q

what causes a persons “blind spot”?

A

the lack of photoreceptors on the optic disc

77
Q

what is the macula?

A

the small, oval shaped area on the retina

78
Q

where on the retina is the greatest density of cones found?

A

the macula

79
Q

what is the fovea?

A

the centre of the macula

80
Q

what part of the retina provides the most acute vision?

81
Q

what are the three layers of the retina from posterior to anterior?

A

photoreceptors
ganglion cells
axons of the ganglion cells

82
Q

where do the retinal veins and arteries lie?

A

anterior to the retina

83
Q

what does complete interruption of the central artery or vein cause?

A

monocular blindness

84
Q

what three axes does movement of the eyes occur around?

A

vertical
transverse
anteroposterior (AP)

85
Q

what movements of the eye occur in the vertical axis?

A

abduction

adduction

86
Q

what movements of the eye occur in the transverse axis?

A

elevation

depression

87
Q

what movements of the eye occur in the anteroposterior axis?

A

intorsion

extorsion

88
Q

what nerve innervates the medial rectus?

89
Q

what nerve innervates the lateral rectus?

90
Q

what nerve innervates the superior rectus?

91
Q

what nerve innervates the inferior rectus?

92
Q

what nerve innervates the superior oblique?

93
Q

what nerve innervates the inferior oblique?

94
Q

what is the clinical test to assess the function of the medial rectus?

95
Q

what is the clinical test to assess the function of the lateral rectus?

96
Q

what is the clinical test to assess the function of the superior rectus?

A

look out and up

97
Q

what is the clinical test to assess the function of the inferior rectus?

A

look out and down

98
Q

what is the clinical test to assess the function of the superior oblique?

A

look in and down

99
Q

what is the clinical test to assess the function of the inferior oblique?

A

look in and up

Y2 Ophthalmology (15 decks)

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