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Cognitive Psychology > visual attention > Flashcards

visual attention Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 2 limits of attention

A

we can do more than one task at a time

the more we practice, the less attention a task requires

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2
Q

what is parallel processing

A

we can do more than one thing at a time HOWEVER we can engage with more than one thing but are we doing them at the same time?

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3
Q

to study parallel processing, what must the task have no of?

A

delays to ensure p’s dont switch attention to the other task

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4
Q

what are discrete tasks

A

one of 2 tasks happening at the same time

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5
Q

what are continuous tasks

A

monitoring something happening on a screen

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6
Q

shaffer 1975

A

found that will touch typing, once skilled, less attention was required
experts could recite nursery rhymes while touch-typing with less than 10% loss of accuracy
however
skilled typists may see a word and then switch attention while writing it, can still switch attention

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7
Q

consistent attention requirements

study

A

4 tasks and get person to do them in various combinations
1-sing a song
2-follow moving dot with joystick
3-remember a list of words
4-imagine walking around their house
results depends on which tasks are paired together to determine attention demand
e.g. if made to do 1 and 3 something happens with out memory which begins to interact with our auditory system
both of these tasks are trying to happen so our auditory system gets confused

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8
Q

what do multiple resource theories suggest

A

that there are different types of attention

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9
Q

visual and auditory attention

A

driver and spence 1994

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10
Q

driver and spence 1994

A

visual and auditory attention

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11
Q

visual and auditory attention

study

A

3 word triplets from left or right speaker, the participants had to repeat the triplet
there was a tv on top of both screens which one showed a face miming the words
results showed that accuracy was best if face on same side as sound
accuracy was irrespective of hearing
showed visual and auditory system are separate

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12
Q

what is allocation of attention

A

the idea we can split and allocate our attention

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13
Q

allocation of attention

A

sperling and melcher 1978

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14
Q

sperling and melcher 1978

A

allocation of attention

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15
Q

allocation of attention

study

A

a doughnut appeared in which 4 letters were written in the hole and 16 were written on the doughnut
2 letters flashed either in the hole or on the doughnut
p’s were told where to allocate their attention
identification of flashed letters was significantly better when attending to that area
proves we can allocate attention somewhere

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16
Q

what is covert attention

A

mentally shifting out focus without moving our eyes

posner 1980

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17
Q

what is exogenous attention

A

automatic attention shifts caused by external stimulation

bottom up processing

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18
Q

what is endogenous attention

A

controlled by intentions in response to cues
voluntarily shifting attention
top down processing

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19
Q

what is automaticity

A

practice makes the task automatic

fewer attentional resources are required

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20
Q

what is ignored stimuli

A

stimuli we choose not to pay attention to

e.g. simons and chabris 1999-gorilla

21
Q

simons and chabris 1999

A

gorilla

22
Q

gorilla

A

simons and chabris 1999

23
Q

what happens when someone shouts fire or duck

A

we must be processing unattended material

everything is processed to some extent

24
Q

what is filter theories split into

A

late

early

25
Q

what are late filter theories

A

both sensory and semantic meaning properties are allowed in before filtering

26
Q

what are early filter theories

A

filters are just after the sensory information is processed

27
Q

early filter theories

cherry 1953

A

cocktail party effect

we have a filter that has our name in it so the information gets passed straight through

28
Q

cherry 1953

A

cocktail party effect

29
Q

cocktail party effect

A

cherry 1953

30
Q

early filter theories

broadbent 1958

A

‘dichotic listening’
different streams of information presented to each ear
told to repeat information delivered to one of the ears
after the task, report what was going on in the other ear
we cannot report was was going on in the unattended stream, however could identify when it went from male to female speaker
supporting an early filter

31
Q

early filter theories

A

cherry 1953

broadbent 1958

32
Q

late filter theories

A

deutsch and deutsch 1960 and norman 1968

mordy 1959

33
Q

late filter theories

deutsch and deutsch 1960 and norman 1968

A

both physical and meaning are processed before we hit the filter

34
Q

late filter theories

moray 1959

A

added participants name’s to the unattended stream in dichotic listening task and found that only some people noticed

35
Q

movable filter theory

A

heinz 1978

36
Q

heinz 1978

A

movable filter theory

37
Q

what is movable filter theory

A

the position of the filter is under our control, we can allocate attention completely to one part or a little bit to that part

38
Q

movable filter theory

study

A

gave p’s 2 lists of words and told them to shadow one list.
some told to shadow words based on physical characteristics e.g. by a man
some told to shadow words based on meaning e.g. those relating to teacher
also performed secondary task at same time at which they watched a screen and pushed a button when a light appeared
reaction times to light was longer when semantic shadowing rather than physical and more errors in semantic
higher attentional price to pay from semantic processing rather than physical

39
Q

what are 2 types of searches

A

disjunctive

conjunctive

40
Q

what is a disjunctive search

A

target is different from distractors in one obvious way

41
Q

what is a conjunctive search

A

more than one feature differentiates from distractors

42
Q

why does selection sometimes fail

A

sometimes just doesnt work
told not to engage in something but do
‘inhibition of return’- inhibits you to return your attention to a spot you’ve just engaged in

43
Q

wegner et al 1987

A

says there are 2 processes to guide how we engage with our attention

44
Q

wegner et 1987

study

A

think out loud for 5 mins but do not think of a white bear

there were an average 7 white bear thoughts every 5 mins

45
Q

what are the 2 processes to guide how we engage with our attention according to wegner et al 1987

A

operating process

monitoring process

46
Q

what is an operating process

A

helps you think about what you want to think about and distracts you from thinking about what not to think about

47
Q

what is a monitoring process

A

searches for items inconsistent with what you want to think about it

48
Q

sensitivity

A

influences holding attention
ask someone to monitor the sea for ships, their sensitivity to ship spotting will partially determine how many they will see
their bias in ship-spotting describes how ship-like a wave has to be before the person accepts it as a ship

Cognitive Psychology (10 decks)

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