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perception Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a local level of processing

A

details and parts of the whole

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2
Q

what is the global level of processing

A

the whole picture

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3
Q

what is viewpoint invariant

A

object recognition does not depend on viewpoint

doesn’t matter what angle looked at from, processes the same

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4
Q

what is viewpoint dependent

A

object recognition does depend on viewpoint

within category discrimination

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5
Q

what are the 3 different types of pattern recognition theories

A

template
prototype
feature

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6
Q

template theories

A

selfridge and neisser 1960

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7
Q

selfridge and neisser 1960

A

template theories

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8
Q

template theories

explanation

A

patterns in real world recognised but matching those stored in templates

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9
Q

prototype theories

A

rosch 1975

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10
Q

rosch 1975

A

prototype theories

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11
Q

prototype theories

explanation

A

we store prototypes instead of templates

the most typical member of a category

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12
Q

feature theories

A

jaun and duin 2004

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13
Q

jaun and duin 2004

A

feature theories

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14
Q

feature theories

explanation

A

patterns consist of set of features of attributes

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15
Q

feature theories

neisser 1964

A

find the letter z in 2 lists
list 1 was more difficult to identify the letter z because it shares more features with the other letters e.g. straight lines

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16
Q

navon 1977

A

global and local

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17
Q

global and local

A

navon 1977

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18
Q

navon 1977

study

A

performance speed was slowed when asked what the small letters was when the large letter differed
however
decision speed with the large letter was not influenced by the small letter
i.e. when the small letters differed, decision speed for the large letter was not slowed
global affects local but not visa versa

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19
Q

dalrymple, kingstone and handy 2009

A

replicated navon

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20
Q

replicated navon

A

dalrymple, kingstone, handy 2009

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21
Q

replicated navon

study

A

when the small letters were densely packed, it replicated Navon but when the spacing between the letters were bigger, processing was faster at the local level than the global letter

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22
Q

biederman 1987

A

recognition of components

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23
Q

recognition of components

A

biederman 1987

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24
Q

recognition of components

explanation

A

we can construct everything in our world form a set of 36 shapes called geons
geons are view-invariant
they are easily discriminable from each other
complex shapes are more than one geon connected

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25
Q

4 steps pf object recognition

A

edge extraction
detection of non-accidental properties/parsing of regions by concavity
determination of components
matching components to object representations

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26
Q

convex vs concave

A

the invariant properties can still be detected even why only parts of edges are visible
provided the concavities are preserved, the object can still be identified

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27
Q

what is apperceptive agnosia

A

a failure in recognition due to a failure of perception

cannot copy shapes when asked to do so

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28
Q

what is associative agnosia

A

perception occurs but recognition does not occur

can copy shapes but cannot identify the objects

29
Q

why are faces important in cognition

A

recognising faces requires ‘within-category’ discrimination

we are very good and fast at this discrimination

30
Q

what is configural processing

in relation to faces

A

whole/holistic processing
position of features in relation to each other
doesnt matter what you do to a face e.g. blur, we still recognise it

31
Q

what is featural processing

in relation to faces

A

parts/piecemeal

using the features of the face e.g. nose

32
Q

key findings in face processing

yin 1969

A

face inversion effect

33
Q

key findings in face processing

face inversion effect

A

yin 1969

34
Q

key findings in face processing
face inversion effect
study

A

performance for upright is always better than for inverted
but
inversion disrupts processing for faces more so than for other types of stimuli e.g. stickmen
inversion affects configural processing but not featural

35
Q

key findings in face processing

whole over part effect

A

tanaka and farah 1993

36
Q

key findings in face processing

tanaka and farah 1993

A

whole over part processing

37
Q

key findings in face processing
whole over part processing
study

A

p’s are significantly more accurate at recognising features when they are embedded in a face
suggests that processing of faces is holistic not simply a series of features/parts
supports global/top down processing

38
Q

key findings in face processing

distinctiveness effect

A

bruce et al 1994

39
Q

key findings in face processing

bruce et al 1994

A

distinctiveness effect

40
Q

key findings in face processing
distinctiveness effect
study

A

distinctive faces are recognised better than less distinctive faces

41
Q

key findings in face processing

the thatcher effect

A

thomson 1980

42
Q

key findings in face processing

thomson 1980

A

the thatcher effect

43
Q

key findings in face processing
the thacther effect
study

A

subtle rational changes between features are harder to identify in inverted faces

44
Q

own effects?

A

people are better at recognising faces of their own race, the same age as them, the same gender as them and the same species as them

45
Q

is face recognition innate?

A

according to johnson 2005, newborns visual ability is different to that of an adults
adults see more detail and need less contrast to do so
when we see a familiar face we use face memory
when we see an unfamilar face we need information on emotion and gender in order to know how to interact

46
Q

is face recognition innate?

johnson et al. 1991

A

infants tested one hour after birth found that they orient towards face-like stimuli compared to scrambled faces

47
Q

is face recognition innate?

simion et al 2002

A

babies fixated longer on patterns with most elements in their top half

48
Q

free space model

A

valentine 1991, 2016

49
Q

valentine 1991 2016

A

free space model

50
Q

free space model

explain

A

we compare any face to an average face and put on this model depending on features
explains why it is more difficult to remember average looking faces
faces are easy to recognise when difference from mean is exaggerated

51
Q

what is prosapagnosia

A

inability to recognise faces

52
Q

prosopagnosia can be developmental or aquired

A

developmental- present from birth and is a developmental disorder
never develop the face recognition system
tends to run in families
aquired-from a brain injury
had typical system before

53
Q

prosopagnosia 3 inclusionary criteria

A

difficulty with faces in every day life
impairment on at least 2 measures of face familiarity
lesions confirmed by CR or MRI scans

54
Q

what is anomia

A

can recognise face but cannot remember name

55
Q

patient PG

A

young et al 1988

56
Q

young et al 1988

A

patient PG

57
Q

patient PG

explain

A

damage to RH impaired in structural encoding of faces

58
Q

patient est

A

flude et al 1989

59
Q

flude et al. 1989

A

patient est

60
Q

patient est

explain

A

can perceive and encode faces but cannot retrieve name

61
Q

4 stages in face processing

A

structural encodoing
face recognition
person identification
name generation

62
Q

face inversion effect for damaged brains

A

yin 1970

63
Q

face inversion effect for damaged brains

explain

A

when shown upright faces-rh damaged patients perform worse than lh and control
rh damage may disrupt configural processing
when shown inverted faces-lh damage patients perform worse suggesting damage interrupts featural processing
people with prosopagnosia cannot demonstrate face inversion effect as they cannot apply configural processing and this cannot applied when the face us upside down

64
Q

inversion superiority effect

A

gelder et al 1998

65
Q

gelder et al 1998

A

inversion superiority effect

66
Q

inversion superiority effect

explain

A

in inverted faces, people with prosopagnosia can process featural information without interference from disrupted configural system meaning that they have improved performance for the face inversion effect

67
Q

so, are faces special?

yes

A

can recognise faces from birth
configural and featural
conditions
face/object dissociation

68
Q

so, are faces special?

no

A

high exposure to faces
faces are stimuli we have got good at
visual expertise hypothesis

69
Q

what is the visual expertise hypothesis

A

gauther and tarr 2002

face-selective mechanisms are also involved in recognising members of any category for which we possess expertise

Cognitive Psychology (10 decks)

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