problem solving

Question 1

newell and simon

Answer 1

problem solving is seen as a process of moving through ‘problem space’

Question 2

what is problem space

Answer 2

is the transition between the initial space and the goal space.
it contains all the possibilities to get from initial to goal and it takes more than one step to do so

Question 3

problem space example

Answer 3

cat

Question 4

what are the 2 approaches to problem space

Answer 4

algorithmic

heurstic

Question 5

what is a heuristic

Answer 5

rule of thumb, think that more or less normally works

it narrows down the routes through problem space

Question 6

where does a heuristic come from

Answer 6

inbuilt biases

learning from experiences

Question 7

what is an algorithm

Answer 7

a technique of transitioning through the problem space

Question 8

what 4 things to algorithms focus on

Answer 8

exhaustive search-working your way through until you find what you’re going to engage in
following directions
means end analysis-closer and closer to a solution until you get there
local minima-the best chance at moving forward

Question 9

what 2 problems may problem solving have

Answer 9

functional fixedness

negative set

Question 10

what is functional fixedness

Answer 10

people are stuck in their own way of thinking

Question 11

what is negative set

Answer 11

having a negative mind set

Question 12

luchens 1942

Answer 12

functional fixedness

Question 13

luchens 1942

study

Answer 13

how to get to target using a, b and c
when p’s get to question 8, the pattern doesnt fit anymore
when you set people up in a way of solving things, they get SET in that way, then when faces with something that doesnt fit, they are more likely to fail

Question 14

negative mind set

Answer 14

“move” one glass

people get suck on one word and cannot move away from it

Question 15

what is incubation

Answer 15

taking a break from a task makes us more likely to be able to complete it later

Question 16

incubation

Answer 16

silveira 1971

Question 17

silveira 1971

Answer 17

incubation

Question 18

incubation

study

Answer 18

55% solved the puzzle in 30mins when the links were in front of them
group 1- had 15 mins to think about it, 30mins break and then 15mins to complete it and 64% completed it
group 2-given task, 4 hours later had to come back an complete it, 85% did it

Question 19

why does incubation work

Answer 19

the break allowed participants to subconsciously work on the problem. During this break, out of the millions of ‘problem paths’ available, some became ‘lit up’ some of the ‘dead’ ones became rejected and hence our ‘problem space’ became clearer

Question 20

what are the 3 biases in heuristic problem solving

tverksy and kahneman 1970s

Answer 20

representative
simulation
availability

Question 21

what is the representative bias

Answer 21

used when making judgements about an event under certainty
e.g tossing a coin, which sequence is more likely?
each coin toss is 50% equal chance
gambler’s fallacy

Question 22

what is the simulation bias

Answer 22

how easily we can imagine we are in that situation

Question 23

what is availability bias

Answer 23

using the information available to make judgements about something

Question 24

tversky and kahneman 1970s

Answer 24

heuristic biases