knowledge

Question 1

what is mental imagery

Answer 1

imagining something that is not there

doesnt need to be real or possible

Question 2

what are mental images for

Answer 2

trying things out
testing hypothesis
solving problems

Question 3

what is guided imagery

Answer 3

a method of relaxation which concentrates the mind on positive images in an attempt to reduce pain/stress

Question 4

what can guided imagery be used for

Answer 4

pain management
meditative techniques
phobia and disorder managements

Question 5

dual code theory

Answer 5

pavio 1971

Question 6

pavio 1971

Answer 6

dual code theory

Question 7

what is dual code theory

Answer 7

two codes that allow us to store information
words
mental images

Question 8

what is the ‘word’ code

Answer 8

words are stored symbolically in a representational unit called ‘lologens’
they are symbols that when put together read and translated, make a word

Question 9

what is the ‘mental images’ code

Answer 9

mental images are analogues like the physical stimuli to which they refer
photos of the things we are trying to store
stored in a representational unit called ‘imagens’

Question 10

pavio 1969

Answer 10

provided evidence for dual code theory

Question 11

evidence for dual code theory

Answer 11

pavio 1969

Question 12

evidence for dual code theory

study

Answer 12

present words/pictures rapidly to participants
asked to recall freely or in order
it is easier to recall pictures freely but words in order
makes sense because words have a sequence to them

Question 13

what is the alternative to dual code theory

Answer 13

propositional theory

Question 14

propositional theory

Answer 14

pylyshyn 1973

Question 15

pylysyn 1973

Answer 15

propositional theory

Question 16

what is propositional theory

Answer 16

knowledge is presented as a language called mentalese
it is how concepts engage and work together that matters
images come later

Question 17

what is deductive reasoning

Answer 17

the process of reasoning from one or more statements to reach a logical conclusion
e.g. can apply the statement “all cars have headlights” to a BMW even if you have never seen a BMW

Question 18

what is a syllogism

Answer 18

a conclusion that is drawn from 2 given or assumed propositions

Question 19

what are 2 problems of deductive reasoning

Answer 19

series problems

syllogisms

Question 20

what are series problems

Answer 20

reviewing a set of statements and arriving at a conclusion not contained in any single statement

Question 21

what is mental manipulation

Answer 21

operating on an item once you’ve imagined it

Question 22

what 2 things are functionally equivalent

Answer 22

mental imagery and visual perception

Question 23

what does functional equivalence mean

Answer 23

being at somewhere gives you the same experience as imagining it
e.g. pub

Question 24

mental rotation

Answer 24

shepherd and meltzer 1971

Question 25

shepherd and meltzer 1971

Answer 25

mental rotation

Question 26

mental rotation

study

Answer 26

have to mentally rotate a figure built out of blocks to match another figure
speed to match figure depends on how many times you need to rotate the figures to match
shows functional equivalence

Question 27

what is a mental model

Answer 27

an explanation of someone’s thought process about how something works in the real world

Question 28

mental models may take which 3 forms

Answer 28

images
propositions
mental models

Question 29

kosslyn

Answer 29

island task

Question 30

island task

Answer 30

kosslyn

Question 31

kosslyn’s island task

Answer 31

imagine you are stood at the hut, press a button when you find the swamp.
the speed to scan the island was directly related to the distance between objects
it’s a mental image so should be able to jump around the place
however, we experience functional equivalence

Question 32

what are the 4 biases we incur when mapping

Answer 32

alignment heuristic
right angle bias
relative-position heuristic
symmetry heuristic

Question 33

what is the alignment heuristic

Answer 33

align objects mentally to make them straighter

Question 34

what is the right angle bias

Answer 34

straightens out an image and use 90o angles

Question 35

what is the relative-position heuristic

Answer 35

people do not accurately distance landmarks

Question 36

what is the symmetry heuristic

Answer 36

think shapes/buildings being more symmetrical than they actually are

Question 37

language has what?

Answer 37

features and prototypes

Question 38

why does language have features and prototypes?

Answer 38

a way of storing info and having a mental representation of that feature
e.g. spikes

Question 39

whats a negative of language having features?

Answer 39

what would go into the category game or bird?

Question 40

what is the prototype theory

Answer 40

rather than defining features, there are characteristic features
e.g. dogs have 4 legs but in reality this is not always the case

Question 41

network model

Answer 41

collins and quillian 1969

Question 42

collins and quillian 1969

Answer 42

network model

Question 43

network model

explain

Answer 43

knowledge is stored in a semantic network model

it is organised into a hierarchy

Question 44

network model

study

Answer 44

asked p’s to “prove an ostrich is an animal” have to follow on hierarchy
results showed response times dependent on position of nodes.
further away nodes mean slower response times