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Physiology II Exam 1 > Vision II > Flashcards

Vision II Flashcards

1
Q

Photoreceptors

A
  • Rods and Cones
  • Transmit signals from the Plexiform layer
  • Synapse w/ Bipolar and Horizontal cells
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2
Q

Plexiform Layer

A

Layer of SYNAPTIC connections

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3
Q

The Neurons that make up the Pure ROD Vision

A
  1. Rods
  2. Bipolar Cells
  3. Amacrine Cells
  4. Ganglion Cells
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4
Q

How much decussation occurs in the Optic Chiasm?

A

50%

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5
Q

Amacrine Cells an Neurotransmitters

A
  • 8+ more kinds of NT

- GABA, Glycine, Dopamine, ACh and Indolamine ALL INHIBITORY

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6
Q

Ganglion Cells

A
  • Transmit signals from the retina to the Brain

- Axons make up the OPTIC NERVE

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7
Q

What controls how much of the signal is allowed to Pass to the Cortex?

A

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

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8
Q

The Peripheral Retina is more sensitive to what kind of light?

A

Weak

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9
Q

Bipolar Cells

A
  • Transmit signals from Rods, Cones, and Horizontal cells

- Synapse w/ Amacrine and Ganglion cells

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10
Q

What Geniculate Nucleus Layers receive signals from the LATERAL Half of the opposite retina?

A

II, III, and V

2, 3, 5

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11
Q

How many layers are in the VISUAL Cortex?

A

6

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12
Q

Accommodation in CHILDREN

A
  • Refr Power of lens can Increase from 20-34

14 diopters

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13
Q

Axons of the Ganglion Cells

A
  • Make up the OPTIC NERVE
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14
Q

Is the Output of Horizontal Cells inhibitory or Excitatory?

A
  • Inhibitory

Lateral Inhibition

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15
Q

Y Ganglion Cells

  1. Diameter Size of Axon
  2. Transmission
  3. Characteristics
A
  1. LARGE Diameter
  2. 50m/sec (Fast)
  3. Responds to RAPID changes in Visual Image
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16
Q

Presbyopia

A

The decrease in ability for the eye to focus on NEAR objects

17
Q

Horizontal Cells

A
  • Transmit Signals from Rond and Cones to Bipolar cells

- Output is ALWAYS Inhibitory
Lateral Inhibition

18
Q

T/F: Some Amacrine Cells respond when a Light is turned On or Off

A

True

19
Q

Accommodation in OLD Adult

A
  • Lens becomes Large and Thick
  • Power decreases to Less than 2 diopters by 45-50yrs
  • Power decreases to 0 by age 70
20
Q

W Ganglion Cells

  1. Diameter Size of Axon
  2. Transmission
  3. Field size
A
  • Small AXON Diameter
  • Transmits 8m/Sec (SLOW)
  • BROAD Fields
21
Q

What Retinal cells Transmit signals to the OUTER Plexiform

A
  • Photoreceptors

- Horizontal cells

22
Q

What is the ONLY retinal cells that transmit AP?

A

Ganglion Cells

23
Q

What Dorsal Lateral Geniculate layers Transmit only COLOR?

A

Layers III -> VI

24
Q

What Geniculate Nucleus Layers receive signals from the MEDIAL Half of the opposite retina?

A

I, IV, and VI

1, 4, and 6

25
Q

Inter-Plexiform Cells

A
  • Transmit from Inner Plexiform Layer to the Outer Plexiform layer (Retrograde)
  • Lateral Inhibition
26
Q

What ganglion cell is responsible for ALL Color Vision?

A

X Ganglion cells

27
Q

How many rods converge on a single optic fiber in the peripheral regions of the Retina?

A

200

28
Q

Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

A
  • Receives Input from the OPTIC Nerves

- Relays information from the Optic tract to the Visual Cortex

29
Q

X Ganglion Cells

  1. Diameter Size of Axon
  2. Transmission
  3. Field size
A
  • Medium Diameter
  • 14m/sec (Medium)
  • SMALL Fields
  • EVERY X ganglion cell receives an input from at lease One CONE cell *
30
Q

Three Neurons in the Foveal Region

A
  • Cones
  • Bipolar Cells
  • Ganglion Cells
31
Q

What Retinal cells Transmit signals to the Inner Plexiform

A
  • Bipolar cells

- Amacrine cells

32
Q

What Dorsal Lateral Geniculate layers Transmit only BLACK and WHITE

A

Layers I and II

33
Q

How many Ganglion Cells are there? What are they?

A
  • Three types

- W, X, and Y

34
Q

Layers of the Retina

A
  1. Photoreceptors
  2. Horizontal cells
  3. Bipolar Cells
  4. Amacrine Cells
  5. Ganglion Cells
35
Q

Most Amacrine cells are what?

A
  • INTERNEURONS

- Help analyze Visula signals BEFORE they leave the retina

36
Q

Amacrine Cells

A
  • Transmit signals from Bipolar to Ganglion cells

- Transmit signals w/in Inner Plexiform

37
Q

How Many Layers in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus?

A

6

38
Q

Geniculo-Calcarine Fibers terminate mainly in what Visual Cortex Layer?

A

Layer IV (4)

39
Q

Ganglion Cells by percentage.

A

W: 40%

X: 55%

Y: 5%

Physiology II Exam 1 (10 decks)

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