Vision, Hearing, Olfaction, Taste Flashcards
Maintains internal geometry of the
retina
Muller cells
retinal glial cells
receptor cells present in Fovea centralis ( area of most ACUTE VISION)
Cones - Sensitive to highintensity
light (day, color vision)
Rods - not present in fovea but has highest concentration in Parafoveal region
Presbyopia presents due to
inability to contract:
ciliary body
Defect: heteronymous bitemporal hemianopsia
optic chiasm
defect: Homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing involve
Calcrine fissure
Location of the Optic disc
12-15 degrees temporally,
1.5 degrees below the horizontal meridian;
7.5 degrees high,
5.5 degrees wide
No light sensitive rods or cones, ganglion exit the eye to form optic nerve
increases when the light strikes the eye
activity of transducin
Respond to Bars of Light with correct position and orientation
Simple cells
center surround and on-off patterns, elongated rods
respond to Moving Bars or Edges of Light
Complex cells
respond to Lines with particular Length and to curves/angles
Hypercomplex
Absorb STRAY LIGHT (prevents light scattering)
Pigment Epithelial cells
Converts 11-cis retinal to alltrans retinal
Involved in macular degeneration,
retinal detachment and albinism
Irregular/Nonuniform Curvature of
the Cornea: multiple convergences of light in the retina
Astigmatism
Cylindrical Lenses
Sound frequency measured by
Hertz
Sound intensity measured by
Decibels
sound in air from outer ear is matched with sound in fluid in inner ear
Impedance Matching
endolymph is seen in
Scala media/cochlear duct
high K+
Perilymph is seen in
Scala vestibuli and scala tymphani
high in Na+
only neuron capable of reporduction
Olfactory neurons
uses type C nerve fibers
Only sensory modality that does NOT send fibers to the thalamus
olfactory memory found in
entorhinal cortex
transducers in the Olfactory neurons used as transducer to activate cAMP –> opens Na –> depolarizing receptor
G olf
Muscle reflex with a stimulus when Muscle is stretched
Stretch Reflex also called
MYOTATIC REFLEX or
KNEE-JERK REFLEX
Monosynaptic; Ia
response: Contraction of the muscle
Quadriceps femoris
Muscle reflex with a stimulus when Muscle contracts
Clasp-Knife Reflex also
called GOLGI TENDON
REFLEX or INVERSE
STRETCH REFLEX
Disynaptic, Ib
response: Relaxation of the muscle
Muscle reflex when in Pain
Flexor-Withdrawal Reflex
Polysynaptic, II, III, IV
Ipsilateral flexion;
contralateral extension
