Vision, Hearing, Olfaction, Taste

Question 1

Maintains internal geometry of the
retina

Answer 1

Muller cells
retinal glial cells

Question 2

receptor cells present in Fovea centralis ( area of most ACUTE VISION)

Answer 2

Cones - Sensitive to highintensity
light (day, color vision)

Rods - not present in fovea but has highest concentration in Parafoveal region

Question 3

Presbyopia presents due to
inability to contract:

Answer 3

ciliary body

Question 4

Defect: heteronymous bitemporal hemianopsia

Answer 4

optic chiasm

Question 5

defect: Homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing involve

Answer 5

Calcrine fissure

Question 6

Location of the Optic disc

Answer 6

12-15 degrees temporally,
1.5 degrees below the horizontal meridian;
7.5 degrees high,
5.5 degrees wide

No light sensitive rods or cones, ganglion exit the eye to form optic nerve

Question 7

increases when the light strikes the eye

Answer 7

activity of transducin

Question 8

Respond to Bars of Light with correct position and orientation

Answer 8

Simple cells

center surround and on-off patterns, elongated rods

Question 9

respond to Moving Bars or Edges of Light

Answer 9

Complex cells

Question 10

respond to Lines with particular Length and to curves/angles

Answer 10

Hypercomplex

Question 11

Absorb STRAY LIGHT (prevents light scattering)

Answer 11

Pigment Epithelial cells

Converts 11-cis retinal to alltrans retinal
Involved in macular degeneration,
retinal detachment and albinism

Question 12

Irregular/Nonuniform Curvature of
the Cornea: multiple convergences of light in the retina

Answer 12

Astigmatism

Cylindrical Lenses

Question 13

Sound frequency measured by

Answer 13

Hertz

Question 14

Sound intensity measured by

Answer 14

Decibels

Question 15

sound in air from outer ear is matched with sound in fluid in inner ear

Answer 15

Impedance Matching

Question 16

endolymph is seen in

Answer 16

Scala media/cochlear duct
high K+

Question 17

Perilymph is seen in

Answer 17

Scala vestibuli and scala tymphani
high in Na+

Question 18

only neuron capable of reporduction

Answer 18

Olfactory neurons

uses type C nerve fibers
Only sensory modality that does NOT send fibers to the thalamus

Question 19

olfactory memory found in

Answer 19

entorhinal cortex

Question 20

transducers in the Olfactory neurons used as transducer to activate cAMP –> opens Na –> depolarizing receptor

Answer 20

G olf

Question 21

Muscle reflex with a stimulus when Muscle is stretched

Answer 21

Stretch Reflex also called
MYOTATIC REFLEX or
KNEE-JERK REFLEX

Monosynaptic; Ia
response: Contraction of the muscle
Quadriceps femoris

Question 22

Muscle reflex with a stimulus when Muscle contracts

Answer 22

Clasp-Knife Reflex also
called GOLGI TENDON
REFLEX or INVERSE
STRETCH REFLEX

Disynaptic, Ib
response: Relaxation of the muscle

Question 23

Muscle reflex when in Pain

Answer 23

Flexor-Withdrawal Reflex
Polysynaptic, II, III, IV
Ipsilateral flexion;
contralateral extension