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Psychology > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

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1
Q

Light

A

the stimulus
detected they eye, where the initial stages of processing are taken care of, then the result is sent to the brain for further processing

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2
Q

Variations in light waves

A

Amplitude
Wavelength
Purity

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3
Q

Amplitude

A

height of each wave

  • variations affect brightness
  • the bigger it is, the more light is being reflected or emitted
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4
Q

Wavelength

A

distance between peaks of successive waves

  • variations affect perceptions of colour
  • measured in nanometers
  • larger = lower frequency; smaller = higher frequency
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5
Q

Visible Spectrum

A

the tiny position of the total range of wavelengths of the electromagnetic radiation that humans are sensitive to (360nm-750nm)
-some animals see other spectrums

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6
Q

Purity

A

affects perception of saturation
-light that is made up of a single wavelength is pure. We typically see a mixture of wavelengths and they are less intense than pure colour

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7
Q

Cornea

A

begins focusing process when light passes through

-transparent window out front of eye

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8
Q

Sclera

A

tougher membrane that covers rest of eye

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9
Q

Pupil

A

processes light after cornea

-round window (black dot)

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10
Q

Iris

A

controls size of pupil

  • coloured part of the eye
  • consists of a band of muscles controlled by the brain
  • dilate pupil to allow more light
  • constrict pupil to restrict light
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11
Q

Lens

A

processes light after pupil

  • final focusing
  • curvature causes images to land on the retina upside down and reversed left to right (the brain corrects this)
  • flexible piece of tissue whose shape can be altered by surrounding muscles
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12
Q

Lens Accomodation

A

the lens can change shape to focus on object that vary in distance

  • fatter/rounder for close objects
  • flatter/elongated for far away objects
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13
Q

Vitreous Humor

A

light passes through after lens

-clear, jelly-like substance that comprises the main chamber inside the eyeball

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14
Q

Retina

A

light finally lands here

  • natural tissue that lines back of eye
  • made up of complex network that neural cells arranged in 3 layers
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15
Q

3 Layers of Retina

A

Ordered in an inside out fashion based on nutrition requirements of different cells
Photoreceptors
Bipolar Cells
Ganglion Cells

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16
Q

Photoreceptors

A

translate the physical stimulus of light into a neural signal that the brain can understand
-light must pass through other layers first

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17
Q

Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE)

A

provide nutrients for photoreceptors and located at back of eye (which is why the layers are arranged backwards)

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18
Q

Rods

A

125 Million
lower light intensities
night vision
no colour, poor visual acuity, concentrated surrounding fovea/periphery

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19
Q

Cones

A

6 Million
day vision
colour, good visual acuity, concentrated in fovea

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20
Q

Ganglion Cells

A

collect info from larger segment of retina

  • axons of these cells converge at optic disk
  • leave optic nerve which travels to brain
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21
Q

Blind Spot

A

area of the eye where the optic nerve leaves - there are no photoreceptors

22
Q

Bipolar Cells

A

receive info from photoreceptors and send it to ganglion cells

23
Q

Horizontal and Amacrine Cells

A

cells in the retina that allow areas in the retinal layer to communicate with each other
-allow info from adjacent photoreceptors to combine their info - cones and rods converge to travel along only one million

24
Q

Receptive Field

A

collection of rods and cones in the retina that, when stimulated, affects the firing of a particular ganglion cell
-photoreceptors get divided into groups that get assimilated into one signal that affects a ganglion cell down the line

25
Q

Visual Fields

A

right and left halves of our visual fields are processed by contralateral sides of the brain

  • sends info to both eyes which are then received by both hemispheres
  • right visual field = left hemisphere
  • left visual field = right hemisphere
26
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

the point at which the optic nerves form the inside half of each eye cross over to the opposite hemisphere

27
Q

Main Pathway

A

when each visual field arrives in respective hemisphere after optic chiasm, optic nerves split and travel along 2 pathways
-most retinal/ganglion cells travel along main pathway and synapse in LGN

28
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)

A

part of thalamus that receives visual information

29
Q

Primary Visual Cortex

A

made up of areas in occipital lobe and processes visual info after LGN

  • cells here are made up of receptive fields of LGN cells (made up of receptive fields of ganglion cells)
  • area V1 on occipital lobe
  • striate cortex
30
Q

Extrastriate Cortex

A

occipital lobes V2-V5

-visual processing areas in occipital lobe outside of striate cortex

31
Q

Topographical Organization in Visual Cortex

A

retinal coordinates are topographically mapped in visual cortex
-neighbouring locations in retina project to neighbouring location in visual cortex

32
Q

Processing Streams of Extrastriate Cortex

A

processed visual info is sent out and separated into either the Dorsal or Ventral stream
-info is compressed as it travels along pathways

33
Q

Dorsal Stream

A

“where” pathway

  • depth and motion
  • to parietal lobe
34
Q

Ventral Stream

A

“what” pathway

  • color and gorm
  • to temporal lobe
35
Q

Evolution of the Eye

A

new adaptations being layered upon old adaptations

  • may have started out as a light sensitive patch
  • may have mutated which caused a slight depression (allows light to be sensed)
36
Q

Crude Lens

A

an early adaptation of the eye

  • allows visual input at different distances
  • allow better focusing and accommodation
37
Q

Cumulative selection

A

evolutionary process whereby new adaptations are layered upon old adaptations

38
Q

Cost Effectiveness of the Eye

A

benefits must outweigh the costs

  • eyes are metabolically expensive
  • has many evolutionary advantages
39
Q

Evolutionary Advantages of the Eye

A

in most environments, vision makes it easier to find food, water, shelter, a mate, avoid predators/dangers

40
Q

Factors that influence Variance among Species

A

do they live in an area with light or nah?
does the food come from above or below?
movement, shape and colour of prey

41
Q

Compound Eyes

A

anthropods

  • arrangement of individual tubular units called ommatidia that each point in a slightly different direction
  • to gather light that lies directly in front
  • form a single image by putting together many separate signals from each ommatidium
  • good at detecting movement at close distances
42
Q

Simple Eyes

A

vertebrates and molluscs

  • eyeball, lens, retina
  • vary according to environment (shape and orientation of pupil, size of eye, location of eye on head)
43
Q

2 Functions of the Eye

A

Resolution (acuity)

Sensitivity (ability to get enough light)

44
Q

Larger Eyes

A

better at both functions of the eye

-this benefit varies as some species need better resolution in the day and some need better sensitivity at night

45
Q

Laterally Directed Eyes

A

on side of head = large total view, two separate fields of view
-poor depth perception (for avoiding predators)

46
Q

Eyes Facing Front

A

narrow total view, single field of view = good depth perception (good for hunting)

47
Q

Development in Visual Architecture

A

least developed at birth
formed at second prenatal month
reacts to light random firing of retinal cells at 6th prenatal month

48
Q

At Newborn

A

weak lens muscles, single field of view, inconsistent pupil reactions, low cell density in retina (especially in fovea)
-dismal visual acuity

49
Q

3 Months

A

adult-like focusing

50
Q

11 years

A

Visual brain area development complete

Psychology (12 decks)

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