Memory

Question 1

Video Camera Analogy

Answer 1

accurately stores audio and video to be played back at a later time

Question 2

Filing Cabinet Analogy

Answer 2

we create memory files that are stored in a filing cabinet system to later be accessed to remember something.

Question 3

Computer Analogy

Answer 3

specialized components are specialized for handling different memories at different times

Question 4

Memory Metaphors

Answer 4

all misleading - assumes that memory is stored in original, undisturbed form and memory retrieval is as simple as accessing a stored item from a specific place. memory is actually subject to interpretations and reconstruction.

Question 5

Ebbinghaus

Answer 5

one memory acts as a cue to trigger another - encoding and retrieval are linked through cues.

Subjects who were distracted between encoding and recall performed worse

Developed the forgetting curve - faster immediately, fewer and fewer over time

Question 6

Recall

Answer 6

asked to freely generate as many items as he can remember from a list provided (short answer)

Question 7

Recognition

Answer 7

Given an item and asked whether it was on the original list provided or not (multiple choice)

Question 8

Multi-Store Model

Answer 8

consists of
Short Term Memory - incoming stimuli enter this first (not stored permanently) and can be transferred to long-term after rehearsal
Long Term Memory - permanent storage (unlimited)

Question 9

Short Term Memory Capacity

Answer 9

can remember 7+/-2 items (or chunks)

Question 10

Rehearsal

Answer 10

if stopped, short term memory fades

Question 11

Chunking

Answer 11

chunks of meaningful packets to expand capacity (groups that from words pack more info)

Question 12

Primacy Effect

Answer 12

items encoded early int he list are remembered faster because items at the beginning are first to enter short term memory and have the most opportunity to be rehearsed

Question 13

Recency Effect

Answer 13

least opportunity for rehearsal, but items at the end of the list are remembered better because all encoded info is sent to short term memory buffer and capacity is 7+/-2 items - as you go through the list, the newer items replace the older items in short term memory buffer, so when you reach the end of the list, the last 7 items are replaced by new items and remain in short term memory.

Question 14

Improved Primacy Effect

Answer 14

influenced by ability to rehearse items, where increased time to rehearse leads to an increase in primacy effect (longer intervals between given items is better)

Question 15

Shallow level processing

Answer 15

Encode physical characteristics
Encoding requires little effort
Poor memory performance

Question 15

Diminished Recency Effect

Answer 15

influenced by contents of short term memory, where disrupting events diminishes recency

Question 16

Deeper level processing

Answer 16

Encode semantic characteristics
Encoding requires significant effort
Better memory performance

Question 17

Craik and Lockhart Experiment

Answer 17

Manipulated levels of encoding by presenting subjects with a list of words that can be judged on different properties

shallow - physical aspects of the text
Moderate - acoustics (rhyming)
Deep- semantic judgements

The more we try to understand and organize material, the better we remember it (paying attention to surface details leads to poor recall)

Question 18

Encoding specificity

Answer 18

How memory encodes all aspects of specific experiences (surroundings as well as content) - environmental cues are incorporated.

Question 19

Scuba divers experiment

Answer 19

Subjects had a better time recalling when asked to recall in same environment as when encoding took place

Question 20

Lost in mall experiment

Answer 20

Asked to remember a list of childhood experiences, but one of them was fake - after 3 days, subjects remembered fake experience as being something that actually took place

Question 21

Vending machine experiment

Answer 21

Having imagined a bizarre action allowed subjects to believe that they actually did it

Question 22

Fluency

Answer 22

The ease with which an experience is processed, some experiences are easier (more fluent) than others

Familiar experiences are processed more fluently

Question 23

Attribution

Answer 23

Judgement tying together causes with effects

Make attributions to processing of the feeling of familiarity

Question 24

Becoming famous overnight experiment

Answer 24

Names that were seen before looked familiar are we’re attributed to being famous

Immediately - fluency is attributed to familiarity of seeing it on the previous test

24-hour delay - fluency is attributed to fame