Memory Flashcards
Video Camera Analogy
accurately stores audio and video to be played back at a later time
Filing Cabinet Analogy
we create memory files that are stored in a filing cabinet system to later be accessed to remember something.
Computer Analogy
specialized components are specialized for handling different memories at different times
Memory Metaphors
all misleading - assumes that memory is stored in original, undisturbed form and memory retrieval is as simple as accessing a stored item from a specific place. memory is actually subject to interpretations and reconstruction.
Ebbinghaus
one memory acts as a cue to trigger another - encoding and retrieval are linked through cues.
Subjects who were distracted between encoding and recall performed worse
Developed the forgetting curve - faster immediately, fewer and fewer over time
Recall
asked to freely generate as many items as he can remember from a list provided (short answer)
Recognition
Given an item and asked whether it was on the original list provided or not (multiple choice)
Multi-Store Model
consists of
Short Term Memory - incoming stimuli enter this first (not stored permanently) and can be transferred to long-term after rehearsal
Long Term Memory - permanent storage (unlimited)
Short Term Memory Capacity
can remember 7+/-2 items (or chunks)
Rehearsal
if stopped, short term memory fades
Chunking
chunks of meaningful packets to expand capacity (groups that from words pack more info)
Primacy Effect
items encoded early int he list are remembered faster because items at the beginning are first to enter short term memory and have the most opportunity to be rehearsed
Recency Effect
least opportunity for rehearsal, but items at the end of the list are remembered better because all encoded info is sent to short term memory buffer and capacity is 7+/-2 items - as you go through the list, the newer items replace the older items in short term memory buffer, so when you reach the end of the list, the last 7 items are replaced by new items and remain in short term memory.
Improved Primacy Effect
influenced by ability to rehearse items, where increased time to rehearse leads to an increase in primacy effect (longer intervals between given items is better)
Shallow level processing
Encode physical characteristics
Encoding requires little effort
Poor memory performance
Diminished Recency Effect
influenced by contents of short term memory, where disrupting events diminishes recency
Deeper level processing
Encode semantic characteristics
Encoding requires significant effort
Better memory performance
Craik and Lockhart Experiment
Manipulated levels of encoding by presenting subjects with a list of words that can be judged on different properties
shallow - physical aspects of the text
Moderate - acoustics (rhyming)
Deep- semantic judgements
The more we try to understand and organize material, the better we remember it (paying attention to surface details leads to poor recall)
Encoding specificity
How memory encodes all aspects of specific experiences (surroundings as well as content) - environmental cues are incorporated.
Scuba divers experiment
Subjects had a better time recalling when asked to recall in same environment as when encoding took place
Lost in mall experiment
Asked to remember a list of childhood experiences, but one of them was fake - after 3 days, subjects remembered fake experience as being something that actually took place
Vending machine experiment
Having imagined a bizarre action allowed subjects to believe that they actually did it
Fluency
The ease with which an experience is processed, some experiences are easier (more fluent) than others
Familiar experiences are processed more fluently
Attribution
Judgement tying together causes with effects
Make attributions to processing of the feeling of familiarity
Becoming famous overnight experiment
Names that were seen before looked familiar are we’re attributed to being famous
Immediately - fluency is attributed to familiarity of seeing it on the previous test
24-hour delay - fluency is attributed to fame
