Problem Solving Flashcards
Intelligence (Sternberg)
the cognitive ability of an individual to learn from experience, reason well, remember important information and cope with the demands of daily living.
Problem Solving
a task that captures out operational definition of intelligence
Deductive Reasoning
come to a concrete conclusion based on a general idea (theory to fact) to develop a specific, testable hypothesis
Inductive Reasoning
generate a general idea given some concrete information (fact to theory)
Functional Fixedness
Our difficulty seeing alternative uses for common objects. (get stuck thinking about a specific function)
Insight Problems
a special type of puzzle that engage our problem solving skills and forces us to think outside the box
Reliability
measures the extent to which repeated testing produces consistent results. A reliable test produces the same result if one person takes it multiple times
Validity
measures the extent to which a test is actually measuring what the researcher claims to be testing. A valid test measures only the trait that it’s supposed to be measuring.
Francis Galton
wanted to formally quantify intelligence in an unbiased manner. He recorded how quickly subjects respond to sensory motor tasks by their reaction time. It was reliable and unbiased, but validity is questionable.
Binet
tried to develop a tool to identify public school children in need to special education. He produced an intelligence scale that became a standardized intelligence test.
Charles Spearman
believed in a single type of intelligence. He found that most people who performed well on classic intelligence tasks also performed well on all kinds of tasks. He developed the theory of the generalized intelligence, “G”.
Howard Gardner
argued that there are 8 different intelligences, where each intelligence is independent from the others and a person can be smarter in one over another.
Weschler Scales
standardized to produce an intelligence quotient (IQ)
based on the results of large samples of individuals who have taken the tests
standardized so that someone who achieves the mean score will have IQ 100.
specific IQ is relative to the performance of the rest of the population.
Twin Studies & Twins Growing up in different Environments
IQ levels between identical twins showed a strong positive correlation (significantly stronger than the correlation for fraternal twins)
When in different environments, the IQ correlation is still quite high, but there is still room for error.
The Flynn Effect
the raw score that corresponds to an IQ of 100 has been on the rise since 1932.
