Vision Flashcards
What visual acuity defines legal blindness in older adults?
A) 20/20 or better
B) 20/40 or worse
C) 20/200 or worse
D) 20/60 or better
C) 20/200 or worse
The American Academy of Ophthalmology recommends comprehensive eye exams for individuals aged 65 and older every:
A) 3-5 years
B) 6 months
C) 1-2 years
D) 5-10 years
C) 1-2 years
Which of the following is a symptom of acute angle-closure glaucoma?
A) Gradual vision loss
B) Eye pain, headaches, and nausea
C) Yellowing of the sclera
D) Increased tear production
B) Eye pain, headaches, and nausea
Which of the following is the most serious form of glaucoma and an ophthalmologic emergency?
A) Primary open-angle glaucoma
B) Closed-angle glaucoma
C) Congenital glaucoma
D) Pigmentary glaucoma
B) Closed-angle glaucoma
Which symptom is common in both posterior uveitis and detached retina**?
A) Decreased vision and floaters
B) Eye pain and discharge
C) Increased tear production
D) Yellow spots on the retina
A) Decreased vision and floaters
Which condition is the most common cause of irreversible blindness in older adults worldwide?
A) Cataracts
B) Glaucoma
C) Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD)
D) Retinal detachment
C) Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD)
C) Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD)
The primary treatment** for cataracts is:
A) Steroid eye drops
B) Artificial tear drops
C) Surgical extraction of the lens
D) Laser therapy to the retina
C) Surgical extraction of the lens
What is a major risk factor for developing age-related macular degeneration (ARMD)?
A) Dark skin pigmentation
B) High sodium intake
C) Smoking and hypertension
D) History of diabetes
C) Smoking and hypertension
Which condition is caused by the gradual hardening of the lens and typically begins after the age of 40?
A) Myopia
B) Presbyopia
C) Hyperopia
D) Astigmatism
B) Presbyopia
Which of the following is a symptom of cataracts?
A) Dark spots in peripheral vision
B) Increased glare, especially at night
C) Sudden eye pain and redness
D) Eye discharge and tearing
B) Increased glare, especially at night
Which form of glaucoma is often asymptomatic until peripheral vision loss becomes noticeable?
A) Closed-angle glaucoma
B) Primary open-angle glaucoma
C) Congenital glaucoma
D) Neovascular glaucoma
Correct answer: B) Primary open-angle glaucoma
Which of the following risk factors is associated with developing cataracts?
A) High sodium diet
B) Ultraviolet light exposure
C) Low vitamin intake
D) Frequent use of artificial tears
B) Ultraviolet light exposure
The presence of drusen spots is characteristic of which condition?
A) Glaucoma
B) Cataracts
C) Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD)
D) Retinal detachment
C) Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD)
In the management of open-angle glaucoma, the primary goal is to:
A) Strengthen the optic nerve
B) Decrease intraocular pressure
C) Improve blood circulation to the retina
D) Clear up any floaters
B) Decrease intraocular pressure
Which of the following is a symptom of a detached retina?
A) Sudden flashes of light and floaters
B) Gradual loss of central vision
C) Increased glare at night
D) Eye pain and redness
A) Sudden flashes of light and floaters
Which population is most commonly affected by glaucoma?
A) Young adults under 40
B) Caucasians aged 40-50
C) African Americans aged 40 and older
D) Infants under 1 year
Correct answer:* C) African Americans aged 40 and older
Presbyopia** is commonly caused by:
A) Pressure buildup in the eye
B) Gradual hardening of the lens and decreased musculature
C) Loss of tear production
D) Inflammation of the cornea
B) Gradual hardening of the lens and decreased musculature
Laser surgery** is a common treatment option for which eye condition?
A) Cataracts
B) Conjunctivitis
C) Open-angle glaucoma
D) Retinal detachment
Correct answer: C) Open-angle glaucoma
Charles Bonnet syndrome** involves which of the following?
A) Gradual vision loss due to cataracts
B) Visual hallucinations experienced by patients with significant vision loss
C) Inflammation of the optic nerve causing double vision
D) Temporary vision loss due to medication side effects
Correct answer:* B) Visual hallucinations experienced by patients with significant vision loss
In acute angle-closure glaucoma, the most important step is:
A) Immediate referral to an ophthalmologist
B) Use of lubricating eye drops
C) Steroid treatment for inflammation
D) Observation for 24 hours before intervention
Correct answer: A) Immediate referral to an ophthalmologist
Which condition is characterized by increased glare and difficulty seeing at night, commonly affecting older adults?
A) Cataracts
B) Glaucoma
C) Myopia
D) Macular degeneration
Correct answer: A) Cataracts
Central vision loss** is most commonly associated with which eye condition?
A) Myopia
B) Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD)
C) Cataracts
D) Glaucoma
Correct answer:* B) Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD)
What is the treatment of choice for age-related macular degeneration in the wet form?
A) Vitamin C supplements
B) Ocular injections
C) Laser therapy to reduce floaters
D) Steroid eye drops
Correct answer: B) Ocular injections
Subconjunctival hemorrhage** often requires:
A) Emergency surgery
B) Supportive treatment with artificial tears
C) Immediate referral for laser therapy
D) Antibiotic treatment
B) Supportive treatment with artificial tears
Dry eyes** in older adults are primarily treated with:
A) Artificial tears and cyclosporine drops
B) Antibiotics and steroids
C) Antihistamine eye drops
D) Increased water intake
Correct answer:* A) Artificial tears and cyclosporine drops
Which symptom is commonly associated with viral conjunctivitis?
A) Red eye with itching and discharge
B) Photophobia and eye pain
C) Sudden vision loss
D) Eye crusting and severe swelling
A) Red eye with itching and discharge
Floaters** are typically a sign of:
A) Age-related macular degeneration
B) Posterior uveitis or detached retina
C) Glaucoma
D) Blepharitis
Correct answer: B) Posterior uveitis or detached retina
Which condition is characterized by the drooping of the eyelids, which may lead to visual impairment in older adults?
A) Presbyopia
B) Blepharoptosis
C) Scleritis
D) Myopia
B) Blepharoptosis
Which of the following describes keratitis sicca?
A) Loss of central vision
B) Decreased tear production leading to dry eyes
C) Infection of the cornea causing discharge
D) Acute angle-closure glaucoma
B) Decreased tear production leading to dry eyes
Which is the most common visual impairment worldwide, along with cataracts?
A) Presbyopia
B) Refractive errors
C) Myopia
D) Hyperopia
Correct answer:* B) Refractive errors
Mrs. Thompson, a 76-year-old woman, reports increased glare and difficulty driving at night. She also mentions that colors seem dimmer than they used to be. Her visual acuity test shows 20/60 in both eyes.
Question:
Based on her symptoms, which condition is most likely affecting Mrs. Thompson’s vision?
A) Glaucoma
B) Cataracts
C) Macular degeneration
D) Dry eye syndrome
B) Cataracts
Mr. Evans, an 82-year-old man, has been diagnosed with primary open-angle glaucoma. During a routine checkup, he reports that he has been experiencing a gradual loss of peripheral vision. His intraocular pressure is elevated.
Question:
Which is the primary goal in managing Mr. Evans’ glaucoma?
A) Strengthening the optic nerve
B) Reducing intraocular pressure
C) Increasing tear production
D) Removing cataracts surgically
Correct answer: B) Reducing intraocular pressure
Ms. Carter, a 75-year-old woman with hypertension and a family history of macular degeneration, reports dark spots in her central vision and difficulty recognizing faces. Upon examination, her ophthalmologist notes the presence of drusen deposits.
Question:
What is the most likely diagnosis for Ms. Carter’s visual changes?
A) Age-related macular degeneration
B) Closed-angle glaucoma
C) Presbyopia
D) Cataracts
A) Age-related macular degeneration
Mr. Harris, a 70-year-old man, comes to the clinic complaining of sudden flashes of light and floaters in his vision. He also mentions that part of his visual field looks as though a curtain is being pulled over it.
Question:
Which of the following conditions is Mr. Harris most likely experiencing?
A) Cataracts
B) Detached retina
C) Dry eye syndrome
D) Open-angle glaucoma
B) Detached retina
Mrs. Lewis, a 68-year-old woman, presents with eye pain, nausea, and a severe headache. She notes that her vision in one eye has become blurry and that she sees halos around lights. Examination reveals a dilated pupil and corneal haze.
Question:
Which of the following conditions is most likely causing Mrs. Lewis’ symptoms, and how should it be treated?
A) Open-angle glaucoma; refer for routine follow-up
B) Conjunctivitis; prescribe antibiotic eye drops
C) Acute angle-closure glaucoma; emergency referral to an ophthalmologist
D) Dry eye syndrome; prescribe artificial tears
Correct answer: C) Acute angle-closure glaucoma; emergency referral to an ophthalmologist
Correct answer: C) Acute angle-closure glaucoma; emergency referral to an ophthalmologist
Precipitous increase in IOP
Redness and pain with acute vision loss and often headache, nausea, and vomiting
Emergent ophthalmologic referral required
Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma
Intraocular pressure–lowering medications (local and systemic)
Aqueous suppressants
Aqueous outflow facilitators
Laser trabeculoplasty, filtering surgery with or without antimetabolite
Drainage devices
Ciliary body destructive procedures
Glaucoma Management
Most common form of glaucoma
Slow aqueous drainage leads to chronically elevated intraocular pressure (IOP)
Patients are asymptomatic and may suffer substantial visual field loss before consulting an ophthalmologist
Causes are multifactorial and polygenic
Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
Most common cause of irreversible blindness among older adults in developed world
Risk factors: age, genetics, smoking, hypertension, fair skin
Diagnosis: presence of drusen (dry form, yellow deposits under retina) or of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) (wet form), formation of new blood vessels in the choired layer; CC is dark spot in the central field of vision
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc, lutein, zeaxanthin—to decrease risk of CNV in dry forms
Intravitreal injections of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors—to treat CNV in wet form
Treatment for Age-Related Macular Degeneration
