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psychology med 104 > vision > Flashcards

vision Flashcards

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1
Q

the most sense humans rely on (the dominant sense)

A

vision

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2
Q

nearly ___% of all the sensory receptors in our whole body are in the eyes

A

70

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3
Q

light is

A

electromagnetic energy

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4
Q

the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum ranges from

A

400 nm to 700 nm

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5
Q

sclera

A
  • the tough outer coat, that extends from the cornea to the optic nerve
  • protects the entire eyeball
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6
Q

choroid

A
  • a vascular layer
  • contains blood vessels that nourish the inner parts of the eye
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7
Q

cornea

A
  • the front portion of the eye, convex in shape
  • where light enters the eye
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8
Q

iris

A
  • located just behind the cornea
  • regulates the amount of light entering the eye by adjusting the size of the pupil
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9
Q

pupil

A
  • a black hole in the middle of the iris
  • its size increases/decreases depending on the intensity of light entering the eye
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10
Q

pupil dilation

A

mydriasis

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11
Q

pupil constriction

A

miosis

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12
Q

mydriasis is caused by

A
  1. low light conditions
  2. sympathetic NS activation
  3. certain meds
  4. attraction/interest
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13
Q

miosis is causes by

A
  1. bright light conditions
  2. parasympathetic NS activation
  3. certain meds
  4. age
  5. accommodation reflex
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14
Q

eye lens

A
  • made up of a transparent jelly-like substance made up of proteins
  • held in position by ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments
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15
Q

ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments

A

adjust the focal length of the eye so that we can see distant & nearby objects clearly

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16
Q

the ability of the eye to focus on distant and nearby objects by changing the focal length is

A

accommodation

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17
Q

aqueous humor

A
  • a viscous liquid filled in the area between the cornea and the eye lens
  • prevents the eye lens from collapsing due to changes in atmospheric pressure
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18
Q

retina

A

a delicate membrane having a large number of light-sensitive cells situated at the back of the inner eye

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19
Q

light-sensitive cells are of two types

A
  1. rod cells
  2. cone cells
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20
Q

rods

A

respond to the intensity of light

21
Q

cones

A

respond to the color of the object

22
Q

fovea

A
  • a tiny dimple located in the middle of the retina
  • the center of the eye’s sharpest vision and location of most color perception
  • where max number of cones are
23
Q

an _____ image of an object is formed on the retina

A

inverted

24
Q

the electric signals generated by the cells are sent to the brain through the

A

optic nerve

25
Q

optic disk

A
  • where all the axons of the ganglion cells exit the retina to form the optic nerve
  • is insensitive to light, therefore called the blind spot
26
Q

assuming an individual has just been hit with a blinding flash light beam, what is the first step in seeing?

A
  • that light hits the posterior retina
  • spreads from the photoreceptors to the bipolar cells just beneath them
  • then to the innermost ganglion cells where they then generate action potentials
27
Q

what is the second step in seeing

A

the axons of all those ganglion cells weave together to create the thick ropey optic nerve (the second cranial nerve) which leaves the back of the eyeball

28
Q

what is the third step in seeing

A

the optic nerve carries those impulses up to the thalamus and then into the brains visual cortex

29
Q

the thalamus

A
  • massive gray matter in the forebrain
  • relays sensory signals (visual + pain perception)
30
Q

occipital lobe

A

associated with the visual processing and contains most of the anatomical region of the visual cortex

31
Q

the primary visual cortex is

A

Brodmann area 17 (or V1)

32
Q

ventral stream in visual processing

A

involved in object processing

ex: color, texture, shape, size

33
Q

damage to the ventral stream leads to

A
  • impairment in object and face perception
  • impairs contrast sensitivity, depth perception
34
Q

prosopagnosia

A

the inability to recognize familiar faces

35
Q

dorsal stream in visual processing

A

involved in spatial processing

ex: location, movement, spatial transformationa/relations

36
Q

damage in the dorsal stream leads to

A
  • simultanagnosia
  • optic ataxia
  • hemispatial neglect
  • akinetopsia
  • apraxia
37
Q

function, sensitivity, and location of cones

A

function - enable to perception of fine detail and color

sensitivity - operate best under bright conditions (high activation threshold)

location - mostly in central region of retina (fovea)

38
Q

function, sensitivity, and location of rods

A

function - vision in low-light conditions, detecting movement, providing peripheral vision

sensitivity - highly sensitive to light, don’t detect color but variations in brightness

location - around the periphery of the retina

39
Q

enabling more effective peripheral vision

A

rods

40
Q

enabling more effective central vision

A

cones

41
Q

3 types of cones (sensitive to different ranges of light wavelengths)

A

S cones
M cones
L cones

42
Q

S-cones

A

correspond to short-wavelength

43
Q

M-cones

A

medium wavelength

44
Q

L-cones

A

long wavelength

45
Q

trichromatic vision

A

humans usually have 3 kinds of cones (or 3 color pigments)

46
Q

color blindness

A

an eye condition that results from the destruction of cone cells from disease

  • individuals are unable to differentiate various colors
47
Q

monochromacy

A

a type of colorblindness where people see the world in grayscale (black, white, grey)

48
Q

most common type of colorblindness

A

red-green colorblindness

49
Q

tetrachromatic vision

A
  • having 4 or more cones
  • more intense color vision

psychology med 104 (13 decks)

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