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psychology med 104 > brain mechanisms and behavior > Flashcards

brain mechanisms and behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

philosopher believed in the “mind & body exist as aspects of the same entity” theory

A

Aristotle

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2
Q

philosopher(s) believed in the “mind and the soul are spiritual entities existing separately” theory

A

Renee Descartes and Leibniz

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3
Q

behaviorist who moved away from consideration of the spiritual/mental

A

John B. Watson

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4
Q

the nervous system is divided into

A

central and peripheral nervous systems

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5
Q

the central nervous system consists of

A

brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

the peripheral nervous system is divided into

A

sensory division and motor division

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7
Q

the motor division of the PNS is divided into

A

autonomic and somatic nervous systems

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8
Q

the autonomic nervous system is divided into

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

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9
Q

the early name of the forebrain (cerebrum)?

A

prosencephalon

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10
Q

the early name of the midbrain?

A

mesencephalon

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11
Q

the early name of the hindbrain (brainstem + cerebellum)?

A

rhombencephalon

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12
Q

the prosencephalon is divided into

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

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13
Q

the telencephalon consists of

A

cerebrum and cerebral hemispheres

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14
Q

the diencephalon consists of

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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15
Q

the mesencephalon consists of

A

tectum, tegmentum, corpora quadrigemina, cerebral peduncles

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16
Q

the rhombencephalon is divided into

A

metencephalon and myelencephalon

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17
Q

the metencephalon consists of

A

cerebellum and pons

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18
Q

the myelencephalon consists of

A

medulla oblongata

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19
Q

the forebrain consists of

A

cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus (limbic system)

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20
Q

the midbrain consists of

A

tectum and tegmentum

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21
Q

the hindbrain consists of

A

cerebellum, pons, medulla

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22
Q

what is the cerebral cortex? what lobes does it consist of

A
  • largest part of the brain, associated with higher brain functions
  • consists of the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital lobes
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23
Q

what is the frontal lobe responsible for? (5)

A
  • reasoning / planning
  • parts of speech
  • movements
  • emotions
  • problem solving
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24
Q

what is the parietal lobe responsible for? (3)

A
  • controls movement
  • orientation
  • recognition
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25
Q

what is the occipital lobe responsible for? (2)

A
  • visual perception
  • processing
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26
Q

what is the temporal lobe responsible for? (4)

A
  • control perception
  • recognition of auditory stimuli
  • memory and speech
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27
Q

why is the cerebral cortex very wrinkled in shape?

A

the brain is more efficient because there is an increase in surface area of the brain and the amount of neurons within it

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28
Q

what is the right brain hemisphere responsible

A

creativity

29
Q

what is the left brain hemisphere responsible

A

logical abilities

30
Q

what is the corpus callosum?

A

a bundle of axons that connects the two brain hemispheres together

31
Q

what is the cerebellum responsible for?

A
  • regulation and coordination of movement
  • posture and balance
32
Q

what is the limbic system and what does it consist of?

A
  • known as the emotional brain
  • consists of thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus
33
Q

what is the thalamus responsible for?

A

a centre for pain perception

34
Q

what is the hypothalamus responsible for?

A
  • to regulate homeostasis, emotion, thirst, hunger
  • the control of the autonomic nervous system
35
Q

what is the amygdala responsible for?

A

involved in memory, emotion, fear

36
Q

where is the amygdala located?

A
  • part of the telencephalon
  • located in the temporal lobe
37
Q

what is the hippocampus responsible for?

A
  • learning, memory
  • converting short-term memory into long-term memory
38
Q

what is the brainstem? what is it responsible for?

A
  • most simple part of brain
  • underneath the limbic system
  • responsible for breathing, heart beat, blood pressure
39
Q

what is the midbrain responsible for?

A

vision, hearing, eye movement / body movement

40
Q

what are the medulla and pons responsible for?

A

have centers of vital functions such as breathing / heart beat

41
Q

a neuron’s _____ is what distinguishes it from other cells

A

shape

42
Q

every branching of the neuronal axon, it has a terminal button at the end also called the _____ where chemicals are released

A

pre-synaptic end

43
Q

the messages that are sent through the axon, from the body to the terminal button, are called ______?

A

action potentials

44
Q

what are the two structures the peripheral nervous system consists of?

A

nerves and ganglia

45
Q

what are nerves?

A
  • an enclosed (cable-like) bundle of axons
  • provide a pathway for the electrochemical nerve impulses that are transmitted along each of the axons to the peripheral organs
46
Q

what are ganglia?

A

the lumps that are attached to nerves and contain the somas of neurons

47
Q

which neurons help carry information to the central nervous system from the periphery?

A

afferent neurons

48
Q

which neurons help carry information away from the CNS and towards the periphery?

A

efferent neurons

49
Q

most neurons can anatomically be characterized in 4 ways, what are they?

A
  • unipolar
  • bipolar
  • multipolar
  • anaxonic
50
Q

dendrite and axon emerging from same process

A

unipolar (pseudounipolar) neuron

51
Q

axon and single dendrite on opposite ends of the soma

A

bipolar neuron

52
Q

two or more dendrites, separate from the axon

A

multipolar neuron

53
Q

axons cannot be distinguished from dendrites

A

anaxonic neuron

54
Q

what are neuroglia?

A

non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems

55
Q

in the CNS, glial cells include

A

oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells and microglia

56
Q

in the PNS, glial cells include

A

schwann cells and satellite cells

57
Q

astrocytes

A
  • have numerous projections that link neurons to their blood supply
  • form the brain blood barrier
  • regulate the external chemical environment of neurons
58
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

produce the myelin sheath

59
Q

ependymal cells

A

involved in the creation and secretion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

60
Q

shwann cells

A
  • provide myelination to axons in the PNS
  • have phagocytotic activity and clear cellular debris that allows for regrowth of PNS neuron
61
Q

satellite cells

A

help regulate the external chemical environment

62
Q

function of the myelin sheath

A

provides insulation to the axon that allows electric signals to propagate more efficiently

63
Q

acetylcholine

A
  • voluntary muscle control
  • parasympathetic NS
  • attention/alertness
64
Q

epinephrine (and norepinephrine)

A
  • fight-or-flight responses
  • wakefulness/alertness
65
Q

dopamine

A

smooth movements, postural stability

66
Q

serotonin

A

mood, sleep, eating, dreaming

67
Q

GABA

A

brain stabilization

68
Q

endorphins

A

natural painkillers

psychology med 104 (13 decks)

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