language Flashcards

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1
Q

the 5 components of language

A
  1. phonology
  2. morphology
  3. semantics
  4. syntax
  5. pragmatics
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2
Q

phonology

A

the actual sound of language

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3
Q

morphology

A

the structure of words

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4
Q

words are composed of multiple building blocks known as ______

A

morphemes

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5
Q

semantics

A

the association of meaning with a word

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6
Q

syntax

A

how words are put together to form sentences

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7
Q

pragmatics

A

the dependence of language on context and pre-existing knowledge

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8
Q

what does a child learn in phonology?

A
  • to produce and recognize the sounds of language, separating them from environmental noises and other human created sounds (like sneezing/coughing)
  • when subtle differences between speech sounds represent a change in meaning or not
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9
Q

what does a child learn in morphology?

A

all the individual morphemes of a word, each of which connotes a particular meaning

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10
Q

what does a child learn in semantics?

A

that certain combinations of phonemes represent certain physical objects or events and that words may refer to entire categories
(ex: animals)

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11
Q

what does a child learn in syntax?

A

to distinguish that the meaning of a sentence varies depending on the order of words

(ex: “has only” and “only has”)

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12
Q

what does a child learn in pragmatics?

A

that the manner in which we speak may differ depending on the audience and our relationship to the audience

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13
Q

an important precursor of language is _____

A

babbling

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14
Q

verbal babbling reaches its highest frequency at _____

A

9 - 12 mnths

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15
Q

for language acquisition, what occurs at 12 - 18 months

A

the child adds 1 word per month

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16
Q

for language acquisition, what occurs at 18 months

A

explosion of language (child learns dozens of words)

17
Q

for language acquisition, what occurs at 18 - 20 months

A

the child begins to combine words to form basic sentences

ex: from “apple” to “that apple”

18
Q

for language acquisition, what occurs at 2 - 3 years

A

children can speak longer sentences, vocabulary grows, complex grammatical rules are internalized

19
Q

observational and operant conditioning

A

these theories explain learning and meaning of words, but not explain complex grammar

20
Q

nativism

A

an innate predisposition towards language

21
Q

interactionism

A

nature and nurture

22
Q

Chomsky’s theory of Language Acquisition Devise (LAD)

A

an inborn mechanism facilitating the learning of language, consisting of neural wirings and brain structures unique to human beings

23
Q

Whorfian Hypothesis

A

states that language affects our thoughts

24
Q

Vygotsky’s theory of social development

A
  • the role of social interaction in cognitive development
  • the role of culture
  • the role of language in learning
25
Q

theory of mind

A

difficulty of children to understand that others might have knowledge different than their own or that others do not know what they thing

26
Q

phenomenalism

A

(2 - 4 yrs)

  • particular objects appear to cause illness
27
Q

contagion

A

(4 -7 yrs)

  • illness caused by proximity to ill people or objects
28
Q

contamination

A

(7 - 9 yrs)

  • illness caused by physical contact with ill people
29
Q

internalization

A

(9 - 11 yrs)

  • illness is located within the body but may be caused by external factors
  • ex: cold
30
Q

physiological

A

(11 - 16 yrs)

  • illness caused by malfunction of organs or organ systems due to infections
31
Q

psychophysiological

A

(16+)

  • psychological factors such as stress and fatigue may affected physiological process rather than only being an outcome