language Flashcards
the 5 components of language
- phonology
- morphology
- semantics
- syntax
- pragmatics
phonology
the actual sound of language
morphology
the structure of words
words are composed of multiple building blocks known as ______
morphemes
semantics
the association of meaning with a word
syntax
how words are put together to form sentences
pragmatics
the dependence of language on context and pre-existing knowledge
what does a child learn in phonology?
- to produce and recognize the sounds of language, separating them from environmental noises and other human created sounds (like sneezing/coughing)
- when subtle differences between speech sounds represent a change in meaning or not
what does a child learn in morphology?
all the individual morphemes of a word, each of which connotes a particular meaning
what does a child learn in semantics?
that certain combinations of phonemes represent certain physical objects or events and that words may refer to entire categories
(ex: animals)
what does a child learn in syntax?
to distinguish that the meaning of a sentence varies depending on the order of words
(ex: “has only” and “only has”)
what does a child learn in pragmatics?
that the manner in which we speak may differ depending on the audience and our relationship to the audience
an important precursor of language is _____
babbling
verbal babbling reaches its highest frequency at _____
9 - 12 mnths
for language acquisition, what occurs at 12 - 18 months
the child adds 1 word per month
for language acquisition, what occurs at 18 months
explosion of language (child learns dozens of words)
for language acquisition, what occurs at 18 - 20 months
the child begins to combine words to form basic sentences
ex: from “apple” to “that apple”
for language acquisition, what occurs at 2 - 3 years
children can speak longer sentences, vocabulary grows, complex grammatical rules are internalized
observational and operant conditioning
these theories explain learning and meaning of words, but not explain complex grammar
nativism
an innate predisposition towards language
interactionism
nature and nurture
Chomsky’s theory of Language Acquisition Devise (LAD)
an inborn mechanism facilitating the learning of language, consisting of neural wirings and brain structures unique to human beings
Whorfian Hypothesis
states that language affects our thoughts
Vygotsky’s theory of social development
- the role of social interaction in cognitive development
- the role of culture
- the role of language in learning
theory of mind
difficulty of children to understand that others might have knowledge different than their own or that others do not know what they thing
phenomenalism
(2 - 4 yrs)
- particular objects appear to cause illness
contagion
(4 -7 yrs)
- illness caused by proximity to ill people or objects
contamination
(7 - 9 yrs)
- illness caused by physical contact with ill people
internalization
(9 - 11 yrs)
- illness is located within the body but may be caused by external factors
- ex: cold
physiological
(11 - 16 yrs)
- illness caused by malfunction of organs or organ systems due to infections
psychophysiological
(16+)
- psychological factors such as stress and fatigue may affected physiological process rather than only being an outcome
