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PSYC211 Brain & Cognition > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

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1
Q

____ is an important component of our survival. It enables us to detect prey, predators, mates and resources:

A

Vision

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2
Q

Name the 3 parts of the eye visible from the front:

A

Iris. Pupil. Sclera.

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3
Q

Name the substance that overlays the pupil and the iris:

A

The cornea

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4
Q

Which part of the eye expands and contracts as light first enters it?

A

The pupil

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5
Q

Name the coloured part of the eye that surrounds the pupil:

A

The iris

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6
Q

Name the white part of the eye accompanied by 3 pairs of extraocular muscles:

A

The sclera

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7
Q

Which part of the eye carries visual information in the form of electrical signals to the brain?

A

The optic nerve

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8
Q

Which part of the eye receives light from the pupil?

A

The lens

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9
Q

Which part of the eye, that is also an important part of the retina, helps us process visual details in the centre of our field of vision?

A

The macula

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10
Q

What part of the eye is made up of a layer of photoreceptors, that convert light information into electrical signals?

A

The retina

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11
Q

How many pairs of extraocular muscles insert into the sclera?

A

3

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12
Q

Light enters the pupil in the form of:

A

Electromagnetic waves

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13
Q

What length of electromagnetic waves are visible to the human eye?

A

400-700 nanometres

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14
Q

Wavelengths appear as different ____ within the visible spectrum:

A

Colours

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15
Q

Name the step-by-step process in which light information travels from the eye to the brain:

A

Pupil -> lens -> retina -> photoreceptors -> bipolar cells -> retinal ganglion cells (RGC) -> optic nerve

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16
Q

What important part of the eye makes up about 2/3 of the back of the eye?

A

Retina

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17
Q

Electromagnetic energy travels from the ____ cells to the ___ cells, which provide the shortest and most direct visual pathway to the RGC:

A

Photoreceptor; bipolar

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18
Q

Visual information is sent from the bipolar cells to the RGC, from which it exits the eye via what part?

A

Optic nerve

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19
Q

At what part of the eye does light information convert into electrical signals?

A

Retina

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20
Q

Name the 2 types of photoreceptors:

A

Rods. Cones.

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21
Q

What type of photoreceptor helps us to see in dim lighting?

A

Rods

22
Q

What type of photoreceptor helps us to see in bright lighting?

A

Cones

23
Q

Rods predominantly exist in the peripheral retina. The highest concentration of cones can be found in the:

A

Fovea

24
Q

Which type of photoreceptor contains the same photopigment, sensitive to a single wavelength?

A

Rods

25
Q

Which type of photoreceptor contains varying photopigments, sensitive to different wavelengths?

A

Cones

26
Q

To allow light to hit the foveal photoreceptors, which two types of cells are displaced?

A

Bipolar cells. RGC.

27
Q

Which part of the eye, due to its large concentration of cones, provides the sharpest visual detail?

A

The fovea

28
Q

The total amount of space that can be viewed by the retina is called the:

A

Visual field

29
Q

Does the retina view the same or opposite side of the visual field?

A

Opposite - images are inverted on the retina.

30
Q

Colour blindness is caused by abnormally functioning:

A

Cones

31
Q

There are a lack of blood vessels at which part of the eye:

A

Macula

32
Q

Name the two halves of the visual field:

A

Nasal hemiretina. Temporal hemiretina.

33
Q

The temporal hemiretina is the part of the retina that is closest to the:

A

Temples

34
Q

The nasal hemiretina is the part of the retina that is closest to the:

A

Nose

35
Q

Which hemiretina does the blindspot affect?

A

Temporal

36
Q

RGC axons do not cross the midline from the temporal hemiretina, but they do cross from the nasal hemiretina at the optic chiasm. True or false?

A

True

37
Q

If this part of the eye is cut, vision from the left eye and left peripheral vision will be lost:

A

Left optic nerve

38
Q

If this part of the eye is cut, the peripheral vision will be lost bilaterally:

A

Optic chiasm

39
Q

If this part of the eye is cut, vision of the right hemifield will be lost completely:

A

Left optic tract

40
Q

The axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) make up which part of the eye, before crossing the chiasm and making up the optic tract?

A

Optic nerve

41
Q

The axons of the optic tract project to which parts of the brain for processing?

A

Superior colliculus, thalamus, pretectum

42
Q

Name the 2 visual pathways of RGC axons to travel to the brain from the eyes:

A

The retinotectal pathway. The retinogeniculostriate pathway.

43
Q

If visual information travels from the retina to the subcortical superior colliculus, it is taking which pathway?

A

Retinotectal

44
Q

If visual information travels from the retina to the LGN of the thalamus, to the V1, it is following which pathway?

A

Retinogeniculostriate

45
Q

Most of our knowledge of the human primary visual cortex comes from primate research. True or false?

A

True

46
Q

The V1 is found in which lobe of the brain?

A

Occipital

47
Q

Oliveri & Calvo (2003) used which neuropsychological measure to test the excitability of the visual cortex in chronic ecstasy users?

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

48
Q

According to research by Oliveri & Calvo (2003), ecstasy users who also frequently experienced hallucinations had higher phosphene thresholds and less excitatory V1’s than non-hallucinators.

A

False - lower thresholds and more excitatory V1’s

49
Q

The ventriloquist illusion is a popular example of which brain process occurring?

A

Sensory integration

50
Q

Sensory integration occurs as a result of different types of sensory information arriving at _____ regions of the cortex:
Bimodal
Heteromodal
Unimodal
Contramodal

A

Heteromodal

PSYC211 Brain & Cognition (18 decks)

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