Vision Flashcards
____ is an important component of our survival. It enables us to detect prey, predators, mates and resources:
Vision
Name the 3 parts of the eye visible from the front:
Iris. Pupil. Sclera.
Name the substance that overlays the pupil and the iris:
The cornea
Which part of the eye expands and contracts as light first enters it?
The pupil
Name the coloured part of the eye that surrounds the pupil:
The iris
Name the white part of the eye accompanied by 3 pairs of extraocular muscles:
The sclera
Which part of the eye carries visual information in the form of electrical signals to the brain?
The optic nerve
Which part of the eye receives light from the pupil?
The lens
Which part of the eye, that is also an important part of the retina, helps us process visual details in the centre of our field of vision?
The macula
What part of the eye is made up of a layer of photoreceptors, that convert light information into electrical signals?
The retina
How many pairs of extraocular muscles insert into the sclera?
3
Light enters the pupil in the form of:
Electromagnetic waves
What length of electromagnetic waves are visible to the human eye?
400-700 nanometres
Wavelengths appear as different ____ within the visible spectrum:
Colours
Name the step-by-step process in which light information travels from the eye to the brain:
Pupil -> lens -> retina -> photoreceptors -> bipolar cells -> retinal ganglion cells (RGC) -> optic nerve
What important part of the eye makes up about 2/3 of the back of the eye?
Retina
Electromagnetic energy travels from the ____ cells to the ___ cells, which provide the shortest and most direct visual pathway to the RGC:
Photoreceptor; bipolar
Visual information is sent from the bipolar cells to the RGC, from which it exits the eye via what part?
Optic nerve
At what part of the eye does light information convert into electrical signals?
Retina
Name the 2 types of photoreceptors:
Rods. Cones.
What type of photoreceptor helps us to see in dim lighting?
Rods
What type of photoreceptor helps us to see in bright lighting?
Cones
Rods predominantly exist in the peripheral retina. The highest concentration of cones can be found in the:
Fovea
Which type of photoreceptor contains the same photopigment, sensitive to a single wavelength?
Rods
Which type of photoreceptor contains varying photopigments, sensitive to different wavelengths?
Cones
To allow light to hit the foveal photoreceptors, which two types of cells are displaced?
Bipolar cells. RGC.
Which part of the eye, due to its large concentration of cones, provides the sharpest visual detail?
The fovea
The total amount of space that can be viewed by the retina is called the:
Visual field
Does the retina view the same or opposite side of the visual field?
Opposite - images are inverted on the retina.
Colour blindness is caused by abnormally functioning:
Cones
There are a lack of blood vessels at which part of the eye:
Macula
Name the two halves of the visual field:
Nasal hemiretina. Temporal hemiretina.
The temporal hemiretina is the part of the retina that is closest to the:
Temples
The nasal hemiretina is the part of the retina that is closest to the:
Nose
Which hemiretina does the blindspot affect?
Temporal
RGC axons do not cross the midline from the temporal hemiretina, but they do cross from the nasal hemiretina at the optic chiasm. True or false?
True
If this part of the eye is cut, vision from the left eye and left peripheral vision will be lost:
Left optic nerve
If this part of the eye is cut, the peripheral vision will be lost bilaterally:
Optic chiasm
If this part of the eye is cut, vision of the right hemifield will be lost completely:
Left optic tract
The axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) make up which part of the eye, before crossing the chiasm and making up the optic tract?
Optic nerve
The axons of the optic tract project to which parts of the brain for processing?
Superior colliculus, thalamus, pretectum
Name the 2 visual pathways of RGC axons to travel to the brain from the eyes:
The retinotectal pathway. The retinogeniculostriate pathway.
If visual information travels from the retina to the subcortical superior colliculus, it is taking which pathway?
Retinotectal
If visual information travels from the retina to the LGN of the thalamus, to the V1, it is following which pathway?
Retinogeniculostriate
Most of our knowledge of the human primary visual cortex comes from primate research. True or false?
True
The V1 is found in which lobe of the brain?
Occipital
Oliveri & Calvo (2003) used which neuropsychological measure to test the excitability of the visual cortex in chronic ecstasy users?
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
According to research by Oliveri & Calvo (2003), ecstasy users who also frequently experienced hallucinations had higher phosphene thresholds and less excitatory V1’s than non-hallucinators.
False - lower thresholds and more excitatory V1’s
The ventriloquist illusion is a popular example of which brain process occurring?
Sensory integration
Sensory integration occurs as a result of different types of sensory information arriving at _____ regions of the cortex:
Bimodal
Heteromodal
Unimodal
Contramodal
Heteromodal
