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PSYC211 Brain & Cognition > Neurons & Synapses > Flashcards

Neurons & Synapses Flashcards

1
Q

The human nervous system is made up of:

A

The peripheral nervous system; the central nervous system

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2
Q

Smell, vision & eye movement are influenced by ____ nerve cells:

A

Cranial

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3
Q

_____ nerves are connected directly to the brain:

A

Cranial

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4
Q

_____ nerves are connected through the spinal cord:

A

Spinal

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5
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves can be found throughout the spinal cord?

A

31

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6
Q

At the cross-section of the spinal cord, ____ occurs through the dorsal side & ____ occurs through the ventral side:

A

Input; output

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7
Q

The forebrain is composed of which two parts?

A

Telencephalon; diencephalon

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8
Q

How many layers make up the neocortex?

A

6

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9
Q

Which layer of the neocortex is made up of several densely packed stellate cells?

A

4th

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10
Q

Which layer of the neocortex is made up mostly of axons and dendrites?

A

1st

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11
Q

Neurons are made up of which 4 components, as discussed in Lecture 1?

A

Cell bodies, dendrites, axons, synapses

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12
Q

The ____ of a neuron is negatively charged (-70mV), compared to the ____:

A

Inside; outside

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13
Q

The ion concentration inside a neuron includes which two types (both beginning with p)?

A

Potassium; proteins

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14
Q

The ion concentration outside of a neuron includes which two types?

A

Sodium; chloride

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15
Q

The _____ gradient suggests that the concentration of sodium will try to equalise across the inside & the outside of the cell membrane:

A

Concentration gradient

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16
Q

_____ potential occurs when the pulse within dendrites vary in size:

A

Graded

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17
Q

____ potential depends on whether it reaches a threshold level of intensity:

A

Action

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18
Q

EPSP stands for:

A

Excitatory post-synaptic potential

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19
Q

The flow of sodium ions into the cell causes what event to occur?

A

EPSP

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20
Q

The “positive feedback” cycle is also know as the:

A

Hodgkin-Huxley cycle

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21
Q

Depolarisation travels down which part of the neuron?

A

Dendrites

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22
Q

If depolarisation is large enough, ____ potential is triggered:

A

Action

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23
Q

Depolarisation is a slow, time-consuming task. True or false?

A

False

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24
Q

The demyelination of cells can cause severe health problems, such as multiple sclerosis. True or false?

A

True

25
Q

Nodes of Ranvier ____ potential:

A

Reactivate

26
Q

The nervous system is composed of which cells?

A

Neurons; glial

27
Q

Neurons vary in ___, ____ and ______:

A

Form; location; interconnectivity

28
Q

____ cells provide structural support & electrical insulation:

A

Glial

29
Q

What are the 3 main types of glial cells?

A

Astrocytes; microglial cells; oligodendrocytes

30
Q

____ make contact with blood vessels & transport ions across the vascular wall:

A

Astrocytes

31
Q

The blood brain barrier (BBB) is made up of what type of glial cells?

A

Astrocytes

32
Q

The BBB allows all types of molecules to pass through. True or false?

A

False

33
Q

The ____ plays an important role in protecting the CNS from chemical compounds & pathogens:

A

BBB

34
Q

Research has indicated that ____ can respond to & release neurotransmitters:

A

Astrocytes

35
Q

Neuronal activity is moderated by astrocyte activity. True or false?

A

True

36
Q

What type of glial cell forms the substance myelin in the central nervous system?

A

Oligodendrocytes

37
Q

What type of glial cells forms the substance myelin in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Schwann cells

38
Q

Myelin ____ the speed and distance at which information can travel:

A

Increases

39
Q

_____ cells remove damaged cells:

A

Microglial

40
Q

The cell membrane that encases the cell body is called the:

A

Soma

41
Q

Neurons and other cells are surrounded by what?

A

Extracellular fluid

42
Q

____ are branches that receive inputs from other neurons:

A

Dendrites

43
Q

The form of a ____ depends on the type & location of a _____:

A

Dendrite; neuron

44
Q

Which part of a neuron receives input signals from other neurons (via dendrites)?

A

Spines

45
Q

Which part of a neuron outputs signals?

A

Axons

46
Q

Transmission of information occurs at which part of the neuron?

A

The synapse

47
Q

Which part of a neuron can transmit signals to more than one cell?

A

Axon collaterals

48
Q

Axons are covered in:

A

Myelin

49
Q

The gaps in myelin are referred to as:

A

Nodes of Ranvier

50
Q

Which two components of a neuron assist in accelerating the transmission of information between each other?

A

Myelin; Nodes of Ranvier

51
Q

The disparity in electrical charge on the inside and outside of the cell membrane is called:

A

Membrane potential

52
Q

At how many millivolts (mV) does the resting membrane potential usually sit?

A

-70mV

53
Q

The inside of the cell is more negatively charged than the outside. True or false?

A

true

54
Q

The process of an electrical charge becoming less negative and more positive is called:

A

Depolarisation

55
Q

When an ion channel opens and has positive ions flowing through, what event is occurring?

A

Depolarisation

56
Q

A temporary change or reversal in the membrane potential is called a(n):

A

Action potential

57
Q

The point at which a stimulus with sufficient electrical value activates an action potential is called the:

A

Threshold

58
Q

What is the name of the mathematical model that can be used to demonstrate how the change in potential causes sodium ion channels to open?

A

The Hodgkin-Huxley cycle

PSYC211 Brain & Cognition (18 decks)

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