Neurons & Synapses

Question 1

The human nervous system is made up of:

Answer 1

The peripheral nervous system; the central nervous system

Question 2

Smell, vision & eye movement are influenced by ____ nerve cells:

Answer 2

Cranial

Question 3

_____ nerves are connected directly to the brain:

Answer 3

Cranial

Question 4

_____ nerves are connected through the spinal cord:

Answer 4

Spinal

Question 5

How many pairs of spinal nerves can be found throughout the spinal cord?

Answer 5

31

Question 6

At the cross-section of the spinal cord, ____ occurs through the dorsal side & ____ occurs through the ventral side:

Answer 6

Input; output

Question 7

The forebrain is composed of which two parts?

Answer 7

Telencephalon; diencephalon

Question 8

How many layers make up the neocortex?

Answer 8

6

Question 9

Which layer of the neocortex is made up of several densely packed stellate cells?

Answer 9

4th

Question 10

Which layer of the neocortex is made up mostly of axons and dendrites?

Answer 10

1st

Question 11

Neurons are made up of which 4 components, as discussed in Lecture 1?

Answer 11

Cell bodies, dendrites, axons, synapses

Question 12

The ____ of a neuron is negatively charged (-70mV), compared to the ____:

Answer 12

Inside; outside

Question 13

The ion concentration inside a neuron includes which two types (both beginning with p)?

Answer 13

Potassium; proteins

Question 14

The ion concentration outside of a neuron includes which two types?

Answer 14

Sodium; chloride

Question 15

The _____ gradient suggests that the concentration of sodium will try to equalise across the inside & the outside of the cell membrane:

Answer 15

Concentration gradient

Question 16

_____ potential occurs when the pulse within dendrites vary in size:

Answer 16

Graded

Question 17

____ potential depends on whether it reaches a threshold level of intensity:

Answer 17

Action

Question 18

EPSP stands for:

Answer 18

Excitatory post-synaptic potential

Question 19

The flow of sodium ions into the cell causes what event to occur?

Answer 19

EPSP

Question 20

The “positive feedback” cycle is also know as the:

Answer 20

Hodgkin-Huxley cycle

Question 21

Depolarisation travels down which part of the neuron?

Answer 21

Dendrites

Question 22

If depolarisation is large enough, ____ potential is triggered:

Answer 22

Action

Question 23

Depolarisation is a slow, time-consuming task. True or false?

Answer 23

False

Question 24

The demyelination of cells can cause severe health problems, such as multiple sclerosis. True or false?

Answer 24

True

Question 25

Nodes of Ranvier ____ potential:

Answer 25

Reactivate

Question 26

The nervous system is composed of which cells?

Answer 26

Neurons; glial

Question 27

Neurons vary in ___, ____ and ______:

Answer 27

Form; location; interconnectivity

Question 28

____ cells provide structural support & electrical insulation:

Answer 28

Glial

Question 29

What are the 3 main types of glial cells?

Answer 29

Astrocytes; microglial cells; oligodendrocytes

Question 30

____ make contact with blood vessels & transport ions across the vascular wall:

Answer 30

Astrocytes

Question 31

The blood brain barrier (BBB) is made up of what type of glial cells?

Answer 31

Astrocytes

Question 32

The BBB allows all types of molecules to pass through. True or false?

Answer 32

False

Question 33

The ____ plays an important role in protecting the CNS from chemical compounds & pathogens:

Answer 33

BBB

Question 34

Research has indicated that ____ can respond to & release neurotransmitters:

Answer 34

Astrocytes

Question 35

Neuronal activity is moderated by astrocyte activity. True or false?

Answer 35

True

Question 36

What type of glial cell forms the substance myelin in the central nervous system?

Answer 36

Oligodendrocytes

Question 37

What type of glial cells forms the substance myelin in the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 37

Schwann cells

Question 38

Myelin ____ the speed and distance at which information can travel:

Answer 38

Increases

Question 39

_____ cells remove damaged cells:

Answer 39

Microglial

Question 40

The cell membrane that encases the cell body is called the:

Answer 40

Soma

Question 41

Neurons and other cells are surrounded by what?

Answer 41

Extracellular fluid

Question 42

____ are branches that receive inputs from other neurons:

Answer 42

Dendrites

Question 43

The form of a ____ depends on the type & location of a _____:

Answer 43

Dendrite; neuron

Question 44

Which part of a neuron receives input signals from other neurons (via dendrites)?

Answer 44

Spines

Question 45

Which part of a neuron outputs signals?

Answer 45

Axons

Question 46

Transmission of information occurs at which part of the neuron?

Answer 46

The synapse

Question 47

Which part of a neuron can transmit signals to more than one cell?

Answer 47

Axon collaterals

Question 48

Axons are covered in:

Answer 48

Myelin

Question 49

The gaps in myelin are referred to as:

Answer 49

Nodes of Ranvier

Question 50

Which two components of a neuron assist in accelerating the transmission of information between each other?

Answer 50

Myelin; Nodes of Ranvier

Question 51

The disparity in electrical charge on the inside and outside of the cell membrane is called:

Answer 51

Membrane potential

Question 52

At how many millivolts (mV) does the resting membrane potential usually sit?

Answer 52

-70mV

Question 53

The inside of the cell is more negatively charged than the outside. True or false?

Answer 53

true

Question 54

The process of an electrical charge becoming less negative and more positive is called:

Answer 54

Depolarisation

Question 55

When an ion channel opens and has positive ions flowing through, what event is occurring?

Answer 55

Depolarisation

Question 56

A temporary change or reversal in the membrane potential is called a(n):

Answer 56

Action potential

Question 57

The point at which a stimulus with sufficient electrical value activates an action potential is called the:

Answer 57

Threshold

Question 58

What is the name of the mathematical model that can be used to demonstrate how the change in potential causes sodium ion channels to open?

Answer 58

The Hodgkin-Huxley cycle