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Anatomy Exam 4 > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

1
Q

eyes

A

use photoreceptors to help form visual images of the environment

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2
Q

extrinsic muscles (accessory structures)

A

move eyeball

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3
Q

eyelids (accessory structures)

A

structures made of skin to protect the eye

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4
Q

medial canthus (accessory structure)

A

where upper lid and lower lid meet on medial side

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5
Q

lateral canthus (accessory structure)

A

where lids meet on lateral side

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6
Q

lacrimal caruncle (accessory structure)

A

pink, fleshy area in medial corner of eye

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7
Q

conjuctiva

A

lining of the eyelids and over the anterior surface of the eye (excluding cornea)

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8
Q

lacrimal apparatus

A

produces, collects and drains lacrimal fluid (tears) from the eye

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9
Q

tears…

A

lubricate the anterior surface of the eye

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10
Q

lacrimal gland

A

cloud, upper lateral portion, produces tears (blinking spreads tears around the eye)

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11
Q

lacrimal canaliculi

A

little canals that drain tears

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12
Q

lacrimal sac

A

where tears collect

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13
Q

nasolacrimal duct

A

where tears drain into nasal cavity

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14
Q

tears pathway

A

lacrimal gland -> lacrimal canaliculi -> lacrimal sac -> nasolacrimal duct

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15
Q

anterior cavity

A

in front of lens (between cornea and lens) contains circulation aqueous humor (watery fluid)

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16
Q

posterior cavity

A

behind the lens, contains permanent vitreous humor (thicker)

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17
Q

eye wall 3 layers

A

fibrous tunic: outermost (thickest)
vascular tunic: intermediate
retina: inner

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18
Q

glaucoma

A

increased intra-eye pressure
- effects retina and optic nerve

19
Q

fibrous tunic

A

cornea: transparent anterior portion of the eyeball
sclera: most abundant, white of eye

20
Q

vascular tunic (blood flow)

A
  • choroid: contains vast network of capillaries supplying nutrients and oxygen to the retina (outer layer below sclera) posterior
  • ciliary body: changes lens shaped, coroid
  • iris: pigmented part of the anterior eye; defines pupil - controls amount of light entering eye (muscular)
21
Q

circular sphincter pupilae

A

close things, adjacent to pupil, decreases opening/size of pupil

22
Q

radial dilatory pupillae

A

dilate the pupil

23
Q

retina

A

internal layer of the eye (deepest)

24
Q

neural layer

A

houses photoreceptors and associated neurons
- receives light; converts energy into nerve impulses

25
Q

3 layers form neural layer

A
  • photoreceptors: outermost layer composed of rods and cones (rods important in dim light, cones important for precise vision and color)
  • bipolar cells: synapse with photoreceptors and ganglion cells
  • ganglion cells: innermost layer of the retina; axons of these cells leave the retina and form the optic nerve (CN II)
26
Q

rods

A
  • 120 million/retina
  • more numerous in the periphery
  • night vision
  • low acuity (ability to distinguish detail)
  • vision in shades of grey
27
Q

cones

A
  • 6 million/retina
  • concentrated in the fovea
  • day vision
  • high acuity
  • color vision
28
Q

the optic disc…

A

is a “blind spot” on the retina lacking photoreceptors

29
Q

fovea centralis

A

depression in the retina containing the highest proportion of cones and almost no rods
- area of sharpest vision
- located within the macula lutea (lateral to optic disc)

30
Q

lens

A
  • transparent
  • suspensory ligaments attach to outer capsule of lens
31
Q

accomodation

A

ability of a lens to change shape
- focus image on the back of the eye

32
Q

visual pathway

A

cornea -> anterior cavity -> lens -> posterior cavity -> retina (photoreceptors/rods and cones) -> CN II (optic nerve) -> optic chiasm -> optic tract -> optic radiation -> occipital lobe (perception)

33
Q

20/20

A

vision is normal

34
Q

20/< 20

A

vision is better than normal

35
Q

20/>20

A

vision is worse than normal

36
Q

nearsightedness (myopia)

A

difficulty seeing things far away
- longer eye than normal

37
Q

farsightedness (hyperopia)

A

difficulty seeing things close up
- eyeball is too short
- corrective lens thicker in the middle and thinner on outside

38
Q

presbyopia

A

age related farsightedness

39
Q

astigmatism

A

irregularity of cornea or lens (usually a little bump)
- light scatters when it hits the eye
- treatment: corrective lens are very specific

40
Q

conjuctivitis (pink eye)

A

inflammation of the conjuctiva

41
Q

cataracts

A

lens becomes cloudy

42
Q

glaucoma

A

increased pressure within the eye

43
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A

cause blind spots, small unstable vessels developed along retina prone to bursting

44
Q

strabismus

A

misalignment of the eyes

Anatomy Exam 4 (33 decks)

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