Visceral Innervation of the Head

Question 1

Parasympathetic innervation to the eye innervates both the ________ muscle and the _______ muscle and is via _____.

Answer 1

sphincter pupillae muscle, ciliary muscle (accommodation), CN III

Question 2

Sympathetic innervation to the eye is to both the ______ muscle and the ________ muscle

Answer 2

dilator pupillae muscle, superior tarsal muscle

Question 3

The sphincter pupillae and the ciliary muscles recieve innervation by the ______ via ____ to the _____ ganglion, then finally the ______ nerves.

Answer 3

midbrain, CN III, ciliary ganglion, short ciliary nerves (br. of V1)

Question 4

The dilator pupillae recieves innervation by the ________ via the ______ to the ________ ganglion which synapses finally with ___________ to the muscle.

Answer 4

IMLCC, sympathetic chain, superior cervical ganglion, short & long ciliary nerves (br. of V1)

Question 5

The parasympathetic control for the sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscle begins in the ______ nucleus and progresses via _____ to the _______ ganglion, and finally synapses to the muscles via ________ nerves

Answer 5

EW, CN III, ciliary, short ciliary

Question 6

Ganglion is at the beginning of the pathway in the ________ control of the eye, while the ganglion of the _________ pathway is at the end.

Answer 6

sympathetic, parasympathetic

Question 7

The short ciliary nerves are branches of _____.

Answer 7

CN V1

Question 8

Sensory (SA) of the eye is via ______ nerves which are branches of ____.

Answer 8

short ciliary nerves, CN V1

Question 9

Pupils that are fixed and dilated (mydriasis) indicate that the ________ nerves are compressed due to ___________.

Answer 9

oculomotor nerves, intracranial hemorrhaging

Question 10

The complete parasympathetic pathway of the eye involves these 7 structures in order:

Answer 10

Midbrain —> CN III —> superior orbital fissure —> parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion —> ciliary ganglion —> short ciliary nerves (br. of V1) —> sphincter pupillae & ciliary muscle

Question 11

The complete sympathetic pathway of the eye starts in the ________ and via the _______ reaches the _______ ganglion.
Then the _________ passes nerves through the _______ and __________.
From here these nerves split into the _______ and the __________.

The _______ then continues into the _______ ganglion and then the _______ before synapsing on the dilator pupillae.

The _______ nerve continues into the _______ nerves before synapsing on the dilator pupillae.

Answer 11

IMLCC, Superior cervical ganglion, internal carotid plexus, carotid canal, superior orbital fissure, nasociliary nerve (br. of V1), sympathetic root of ciliary ganglion.

sympathetic root of ciliary ganglion, ciliary ganglion (no synapse), short ciliary nerves (br. of V1)

Nasociliary nerve (br. of V1), long ciliary nerves (br. of V1)

Question 12

The tympanic nerve passes through the ______ and runs along the _______ of the inner ear before meeting up with the ________ and continuing as the __________ nerve which passes through the hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve and the foramen ovale and synapses in the _______ ganglion. Then the _________ nerve carries the parasympathetics to the parotid gland.

Answer 12

tympanic canaliculus, medial wall, tympanic plexus, lesser petrosal nerve, otic ganglion, auriculotemporal nerve (br. of V3)

Question 13

The sympathetic pathway for the parotid gland begins in the _________ and continues along the _________ before synapsing in the _______ ganglion. It then forms the __________ before synapsing on the parotid gland

Answer 13

IMLCC, sympathetic chain, superior cervical ganglion, external carotid plexus

Question 14

sympathetics of parotid gland cause ________ which decreases secretions.
Parasympathetics via ______ stimulate secretion

Answer 14

vasoconstriction, CN IX

Question 15

Parasympathetics of the submandibular and sublingual glands via _____ stimulate _______ secretion.

Sympathetics inhibit ______ secretion via vasoconstriction and stimulate ______ secretion.

Answer 15

CN VII, aqueous, aqueous, mucus

Question 16

Parasympathetic innervation of submandibular and sublingual glands begins in the _________ junction and is carried by _____ through the __________ and continues in the _________ through the _____________ into the _______ nerve.

This then synapses in the _______ ganglion which continues into both the _______ nerve and via direct branches to both glands.

Answer 16

pons-medulla, CN VII, internal acoustic meatus, chorda tympani, petrotympanic fissure, lingual nerve (br. of V3), submandibular ganglion, lingual nerve (br. of V3)

Question 17

Sympathetic innervation of the submandibular and lingual glands begins in the _______ and continues via _______ before synapsing in the ________ ganglion and continuing in the ________.
The pathway then continues attached to the ________ artery before finally reaching the glands.

Answer 17

IMLCC, sympathetic chain, superior cervical ganglion, external carotid plexus, lingual artery

Question 18

Parasympathetics of the nasal cavity and palate mucosa ____________ while sympathetics ___________ through vasoconstriction.

Answer 18

stimulate secretion, inhibit secretion

Question 19

The parasympathetic pathway for the nasal cavity and palate secretions begins in the _________ juction and travels via _______ through the __________ to continue as the ________ nerve which passes through the ____________.
This then continues as the ____________ (nerve) before synapsing in the ________ ganglion and continuing in _________ before synapsing in the nasal cavity and palate.

Answer 19

pons-medulla junction, CN VII, internal acoustic meatus, greater petrosal nerve, hiatus for greater petrosal nerve, Vidian nerve of the pterygoid canal, pterygopalatine ganglion, branches of V2

Question 20

The sympathetic pathway for secretions of the nasal cavity and palate begins in the _______ and travels via the _______ to synapse in the _________ ganglion and continuing in the __________ through the __________ before continuing in the __________ nerve.
This then continues in the ___________ (nerve) and passes through without synapsing in the __________ ganglion and continuing in the _________ to synapse in the nasal cavity and palate.

Answer 20

IMLCC, sympathetic chain, superior cervical ganglion, internal carotid plexus, carotid canal, deep petrosal nerve, Vidian nerve of the pterygoid canal, pterygopalatine ganglion, branches of V2

Question 21

The parasympathetics of the lacrimal gland begin in the ________ junction and travel via ______, continue as _______ nerve, then as _________ (nerve).
Then after synapsing in the ______ ganglion it continues as the _______ nerve, then the ______ nerve, then the _________, then finally the _______ nerve to the lacrimal gland.

Answer 21

pons-medulla, CN VII, Greater petrosal nerve, Vidian nerve of the pterygoid canal, pterygopalatine nerve, maxillary nerve (V2), zygomatic nerve (V2), communicating branch, lacrimal nerve (V1)

Question 22

A patient presents to the clinic complaining of right-sided facial paralysis, right-sided hyperacusis, and right-sided loss of lacrimation and taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue. What is the diagnosis?

Answer 22

Bell’s Palsy

Question 23

The term for hypersensitivity to sound due to denervation of the stapedius muscle is _______

Answer 23

hyperacusis

Question 24

A patient presents with ptosis of his left eyelid, a constricted pupil on the same side, anhidrosis of the left face, and flushing of his left face. What is the diagnosis?

Answer 24

Horner syndrome

Question 25

Ptosis in Horner Syndrome is due to loss of innervation to the ______ muscle

Answer 25

superior tarsal muscle

Question 26

Horner syndrome can be caused either by lesion of the ___________ or __________.

Answer 26

cervical sympathetic chain/ganglia, carotid periarterial plexus

Question 27

Miosis describes a _________, while mydriasis describes a ________.

Answer 27

constricted pupil, dilated pupil