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Neuroanatomy Rewind Unit I > Larynx and Thyroid > Flashcards

Larynx and Thyroid Flashcards

1
Q

The vagus nerve courses through the _______ in the neck and provides motor innervation to ________ muscles, and sensory innervation to ________ and _____ of the neck

A

carotid sheath, laryngeal muscles, deep viscera, muscles

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2
Q

The larynx is at vertebral levels ________ and is continuous with ______. It opens superoposteriorly at the _______

A

C3-C6, trachea, laryngeal inlet (aditus)

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3
Q

The laryngeal inlet (aditus) is bounded by _________ of mucosa

A

aryepiglottic folds

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4
Q

The thyroid cartilage is ______ cartilage and its anteriormost point is called the _________, while the anterolateral walls are the ________ and the highest and lowest lateral points are called the ___________.

A

hyaline, laryngeal prominence, laminae, superior and inferior horns

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5
Q

The cricoid cartilage is _______ cartilage and sits _______ in relation to the thyroid cartilage.
The anteriormost point is called the _____, and the posteriormost wall is called the ______.

A

hyaline, lower, arch, lamina

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6
Q

The epiglottic cartilage is ______ cartilage and is anchored with ligaments to the _____ and _____ cartilages

A

elastic, hyoid, thryoid

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7
Q

The arytenoid cartilages are _______ cartilage and are ______ shaped. The base articulates with the _____.
The anteriormost point is the ______ process, and the posteriormost point is the ______ process. They are topped with the ______ cartilages

A

hyaline, pyramid-shaped, cricoid cartilage, vocal process, muscular process, corniculate cartilages

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8
Q

The epiglottis folds over the _______ which is within the ________ folds

A

cuneiform tubercle (cuneiform cartilages), aryepiglottic folds

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9
Q

The ________ ligament is located deep to the lateral parts of both the cricoid and thyroid cartilages

A

lateral cricothyroid ligament

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10
Q

The _______ ligament is located deep to both cricoid and thyroid cartilages and just anterior to the arytenoid cartilages

A

vocal ligament

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11
Q

The _______ and the ______ together form the conus elasticus which is an inverted funnel at the base of the larynx

A

lateral cricothyroid ligament, vocal ligament

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12
Q

The vestibular fold lies just superior to the ______ ligament

A

vocal ligament

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13
Q

The ________ is indicative of laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)

A

Steeple Sign

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14
Q

_________ results from the narrowing of subglottic treachea

A

Steeple sign

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15
Q

Laryngeal cavity divisions:
The _______ is the area between the aditus to the vestibular fold.
The ______ is the area between the vestibular and vocal folds.
The _______ cavity is area between the vocal fold and the inferior cricoid cartilage

A

vestibule, laryngeal ventricle (ventricle of Morgagni), infraglottic cavity

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16
Q

The laryngeal ventricle is the home of the ________ which is lined with mucosa and lubricates the vocal cords

A

saccule of larynx

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17
Q

A ________ is an abnormal expansion of the saccule of the larynx

A

laryngocele

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18
Q

larynx except vocal cords formed from ________ which is composed of __________ cells.
The vocal folds are formed from _______ epithelium

A

respiratory epithelium, ciliated pseudostratified columnar cells, stratified squamous epithelium

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19
Q

The identifying features of __________ of the larynx are a lamina propria with prominent mucus glands and lymphatic nodules.

A

respiratory epithelium

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20
Q

The prominent identifying features of the ______ of the larynx are the Reinke’s space in the lamina propria, the vocal ligament, and the vocalis muscle

A

vocal folds

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21
Q

Reinke’s space is composed of _________

A

dense connective tissue

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22
Q

The structure just posterior to the valleculae is the _______.
The structures just adjacent to the vocal folds are the ________.

A

epiglottis, vestibular fold

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23
Q

The _______ is sensitive mucosa responsible for the cough reflex

A

vestibular fold

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24
Q

The structures immediately anterior to the most posterior-superior part of the cricoid cartilage are the _________

A

aryepiglottic folds

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25
Q

The _________ and the _______ form the superior opening to the vestibule. This is called the ______

A

aryepiglottic folds, epiglottis, aditus

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26
Q

The _____ is the space between the vestibular folds.

The ______ is the space between the vocal folds.

A

rima vestibuli, rima glottidis

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27
Q

The ______ is the border between the rima glottidis and the vocal folds. Defines the boundary between the upper and lower larynx

A

Glottis

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28
Q

The boundary between the upper and lower larynx between the rima glottidis and the vocal folds is called the _____

A

Glottis

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29
Q

Blood supply to the larynx is via the superior laryngeal artery which is a branch of the _______ from the ______ and the _____ which is a branch of the ______ from the _______.
These arteries anastamose

A

superior laryngeal artery, superior thyroid artery, carotid artery, inferior laryngeal artery, inferior thyroid artery, thyrocervical trunk

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30
Q

The superior larynx is drained via the _______ vein which drains to the _______ vein, then to the ______ vein.

The inferior larynx drains via the _____ vein which drains to the ______ vein, then to the _______ vein.

A

superior laryngeal vein, superior thyroid vein, internal jugular vein

inferior laryngeal vein, inferior thyroid vein, brachiocephalic vein

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31
Q

The ________ is a tracheostomy bleed concern

A

inferior laryngeal vein

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32
Q

Above the vocal cord level lymph drains to ________ nodes. Below the level of vocal cords lymph drains to _____ or ______ nodes, then to ______ nodes.

A

superior deep cervical nodes, pre-tracheal nodes, paratracheal nodes, inferior deep cervical nodes

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33
Q

Cancer of the larynx results in the following signs/symptoms:

A

hoarseness, swollen lymph nodes, and earache

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34
Q

If cancer develops in the lower larynx what lymph nodes might be a concern?

A

pre-tracheal or paratracheal nodes

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35
Q

Innervation of the larynx is accomplished ultimately through these 2 nerves:

A

superior laryngeal nerve of vagus, recurrent laryngeal nerve of vagus

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36
Q

The sensory nerve of the supraglottic mucosa and the sensory limb of the cough reflex is the _______ which is a branch of the ______ nerve. It pierces the _______ membrane.

A

internal branch, superior laryngeal nerve, thyrohyoid membrane

37
Q

The motor innervation to the cricothyroid muscle is the _______ and is a branch of the _______ nerve.

A

external branch, superior laryngeal nerve

38
Q

The innervation to the infraglottic larynx is the _____ nerve of ______.

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve, vagus (CN X)

39
Q

The motor innervation to every intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid is the _____ nerve.

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

40
Q

The ______ nerve courses deep to the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle as the inferior laryngeal nerve

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve (of vagus CN X)

41
Q

A patient presents with hoarseness of voice and a CT scan shows that he has an aneurism of the aorta. What nerve is involved?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

42
Q

The ________ muscles and _______ raise the larynx which aids in high pitch vocal tones

A

suprahyoid muscles, thyrohyoid

43
Q

The _____ muscles aid in lower pitch vocal tones

A

infrahyoid muscles

44
Q

The ______ muscle stretches/tenses the vocal ligament and attaches from the anterolateral cricoid cartilage to the inferior margin, as well as to the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage

A

cricothyroid

45
Q

The _____ muscle attaches from the lamina of the cricoid cartilage to the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage

A

posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

46
Q

The action of the ______ muscle is to abduct the vocal cords for inhalation

A

posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

47
Q

Asymmetric widening of the vocal ligaments during a deep breath suggests lesion of the _______

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

48
Q

The ________ muscle attaches from the superolateral margin of the cricoid cartilage to the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage

A

lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

49
Q

The adductors of the vocal ligaments are the _______ muscle, ______ muscle, and the _______ muscle

A

lateral cricoarytenoid, oblique arytenoid, transverse arytenoid

50
Q

The _____ muscle attaches from the arytenoid cartilage to the other arytenoid cartilage

A

transverse arytenoid

51
Q

The _____ muscle is an X-shaped vocal ligament adductor that attaches to both arytenoid cartilages

A

oblique arytenoid

52
Q

The thyroarytenoid muscle has this action:

It’s attachments are the ______ cartilage and the ______ cartilage

A

relaxes vocal ligaments, internal surface of thyroid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage

53
Q

The _____ muscle relaxes the posterior vocal ligament (tension remains in anterior portion of ligament).

A

vocalis muscle

54
Q

The _____ muscle attaches to the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage and to the ipsilateral vocal ligament

A

vocalis muscle

55
Q

The vocalis muscle is actually the ________

A

deep fibers of thyroarytenoid

56
Q

The ______ muscle is a continuation of the oblique arytenoid muscles

A

aryepiglottic muscle

57
Q

The ____ muscle attaches to the arytenoid cartilage and to the mucosa of the aryepiglottic folds

A

aryepiglottic muscle

58
Q

The _____ muscle decreases the diameter of laryngeal inlet/aditus

A

aryepiglottic muscle

59
Q

The ______ is deep to the infrahyoid (strap) muscles

A

thyroid gland

60
Q

The thyroid gland extends through these vertebral levels:

A

C5-T1

61
Q

The thyroid gland is within this layer of fascia:

A

within visceral portion of pretracheal fascia

62
Q

The thyroid gland is derived of ______ at the floor of the pharynx and descends to the neck during development along the _______

A

epithelium, thyroglossal duct

63
Q

The ______ lobe of the thyroid gland is a remnant of the descent of the thyroid gland during development

A

pyramidal lobe

64
Q

Detached tissues along the thyroglossal duct are referred to as ________

A

aberrant thyroid tissue

65
Q

A common cause of midline swelling in the anterior neck is a _______

A

thyroglossal cyst

66
Q

The _____ artery also carries postganglionic sympathetics from the superior cervical ganglion

A

superior thyroid artery

67
Q

The _____ artery from the ______ carries postganglionic sympathetics from the middle inferior cervical ganglia

A

inferior thyroid artery, thyrocervical trunk

68
Q

The inferior thyroid artery carries postganglionic sympathetics from the ____________

A

middle inferior cervical ganglia

69
Q

A surgical concern especially from tracheotomy is the _______

A

thyroid ima artery (10% of population, from the brachiocephalic trunk)

70
Q

The superior thyroid veins and middle thyroid veins drain to the ______, while the inferior thyroid veins drain to ______

A

internal jugular vein, brachiocephalic vein(s)

71
Q

The _______ are a surgical concern for bleeding

A

inferior thyroid veins

72
Q

A cricothyrotomy is done by piercing the _______

A

medial cricothyroid ligament

73
Q

Surgical concerns for children during a tracheostomy are the ______, ________, ______, and ________.

A

thymus, left brachiocephalic vein, jugular veinous arch, pleurae in area

74
Q

The parenchymal tissue of the thyroid gland are the ______

A

follicles

75
Q

The follicles of the thyroid gland are lined with _______ epithelium composed of follicular cells and have a lumen filled with ______

A

simple cuboidal epithelium, colloid

76
Q

The follicular cells of the thyroid convert _________ to T3 and T4 in response to elevated _____

A

thyroglobulin, TSH

77
Q

The _____ cells are located between follicles and are paler-staining.

A

parafollicular (C) cells

78
Q

The ______ cells secrete calcitonin in response to elevated blood Ca2+ which suppresses osteoclasts and antagnizes parathyroid hormone

A

parafollicular (C) cells

79
Q

Lymph in the thyroid gland drains in this order to these 5 structues:

A

prelaryngeal nodes & pretracheal nodes & paratracheal nodes —>

superior deep cervical nodes OR inferior deep cervical nodes

80
Q

The ______ glands are deep to the visceral portion of pretracheal deep cervical fascia

A

parathyroid glands

81
Q

There are ___ superior parathyroid glands, and __ inferior parathyroid glands in every person

A

2, 2

82
Q

______ from the _______ form the thymus and parathyroid glands and cannot form these glands without first migrating to ________

A

endoderm cells, pharyngeal pouches, neural crest-derived tissue

83
Q

The superior parathyroid glands are derived from endoderm cells from the ______

A

4th pharyngeal pouch

84
Q

These cells are slightly eosinophilic-staining and secrete parathyroid hormone in response to low blood Ca2+

A

principle (chief) cells of the thyroid

85
Q

The ______ cells are more eosinophilic than principle cells of the thyroid and accumulate with age, their function isn’t clear

A

oxyphil cells

86
Q

_____ cells of the thyroid are more packed together than ______ cells

A

principle (chief) cells, oxyphil cells

87
Q

A goiter may compress the _______

A

recurrent laryngeal nerves

88
Q

The 3 structures that are concerns for a thyroidectomy are:

A

thyroid ima artery, inferior thyroid veins, recurrent laryngeal nerves

Neuroanatomy Rewind Unit I (8 decks)

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