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Unit 2 > Viscera > Flashcards

Viscera Flashcards

1
Q

Features of Right Lung

A 
Apex
Lobes
- Superior
- Middle
- Inferior
Fissures
- Oblique (separates superior, inferior lobes and middle, inferior lobes)
- Horizontal (separates superior, middle lobes)
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2
Q

Features of Left Lung

A 
Apex
Lobes
- Superior
- Inferior
Fissures
- Oblique (separates superior, inferior lobes)
Lingula
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3
Q

Lingula

A

Tonguelike process on the superior lobe of the left lung that extends below the cardiac notch and slides in and out of the costomediastinal recess

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4
Q

Muscles forming rough walled portion of the right atrium

A

Pectinate muscles

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5
Q

Right atrioventricular valve

A

Tricuspid valve

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6
Q

Crista terminalis

A

ridge of tissue where the rough and smooth walled (interatrial septum) portions of the right atrium meet

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7
Q

SA node location

A

Where crista terminalis meets base of SVC

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8
Q

AV node location

A

Interatrial wall immediately superior to opening of coronary sinus

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9
Q

Trabeculae carnae

A

rounded or irregular muscular columns which project from the inner surface of the right and left ventricles of the heart

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10
Q

Difference b/w right and left bronchus

A

Right main bronchus bifurcates before entering the lung, left after entering the lung
Right main bronchus is wider and takes a more vertical course

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11
Q

Bronchopulmonary Segments

A
  • Area of lung supplied by segmental bronchus and corresponding pulmonary arterial branch
  • Smallest functionally independent region of lung
  • Each lung has 10 BPS
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12
Q

Indentations in Right Lung

A

Rt subclavian artery and vein, esophagus, azygos vein, sup and inf vena cava

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13
Q

Indentations in Left Lung

A

Aortic arch, thoracic aorta, esophagus, lt subclavian artery and vein

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14
Q

Layers of Pericardium

A
  • Fibrous pericardium
  • Parietal layer of serous pericardium
  • Visceral layer of serous pericardium
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15
Q

Coronary sulcus (Location, Contents)

A
  • Separates atria from ventricles (deficient anteriorly where pulmonary trunk crosses)
  • Posteriorly, contains coronary sinus
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16
Q

Semilunar Valves

A
  • Aortic valve (b/w aorta, left ventricle)
  • Pulmonary valve (b/w pulmonary trunk, right ventricle)
  • Each with three cusps, prevent flow of blood back into heart
  • Close passively when P(aorta/pulmonary trunk) > P(ventricle)
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17
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A
  • Mitral/bicuspid valve (b/w left atrium, ventricle)

- Tricuspid valve (b/w right atrium, ventricle)

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18
Q

Auscultatory area for aortic valve

A

Between 2nd, 3rd right costal cartilages

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19
Q

Auscultatory area for pulmonary valve

A

Between 2nd, 3rd left costal cartilages

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20
Q

Auscultatory area for tricuspid valve

A

Between 4th and 5th left costal cartilages

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21
Q

Auscultatory area for mitral valve

A

Between 5th, 6th left rib shafts along midclavicular line

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22
Q

Effects of Parasympathetic Innervation of Heart

A
  • Slows HR
  • Reduce contractile force
  • Constrict coronary arteries
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23
Q

Effects of Sympathetic Innervation of Heart

A
  • Increase HR

- Increase contractile force

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24
Q

Features of Scrotum (Superficial to Deep)

A
  • Raphe
  • Septum
  • Dartos muscle, fascia
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25
Q

Tunica vaginalis

A
  • Parietal layer b/w internal spermatic fascia, visceral layer
  • Visceral layer covering testis, epididymis
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26
Q

Tunica albuginea

A
  • Tough outer surface of testes deep to visceral layer tunica vaginalis
  • Fibrous septa divide testis into compartments
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27
Q

Efferent Ductules, Rete Testis

A
  • Collect sperm from seminiferous tubules, delivers to head, body of epididymis
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28
Q

Epididymis (Location, Function, Divisions)

A
  • Located on post side of testes
  • Concentrates sperm before passage to ductus deferens
  • Head (Lobules connected to efferent ductules)
  • Body (Contains convoluted duct of epididymis)
  • Tail (Continuous w/ ductus deferens)
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29
Q

Embryonic Origin of Mesentery

A

Splanchnic lateral plate mesoderm

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30
Q

Mesentery (Composition, Function)

A
  • Double layer of visceral peritoneum

- Connects organ to body wall, conduit for neurovasculature

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31
Q

Omentum

A
  • Double-layered extension of peritoneum passing from stomach, proximal duodenum to adj organs
  • Greater Omentum: Greater curvature of stomach, proximal duodenum to transverse colon
  • Lesser Omentum: Lesser curvature of stomach to liver
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32
Q

Important Peritoneal Ligaments (9)

A
  • Falciform (Liver)
  • Coronary (Liver)
  • Hepatic triangular (Liver)
  • Hepatogastric (Lesser Omentum)
  • Hepatoduodenal (Lesser Omentum)
  • Gastrophrenic (Greater Omentum)
  • Gastrosplenic (Greater Omentum)
  • Gastrocolic (Greater Omentum)
  • Hepatorenal
  • Splenorenal
  • Phrenicolic
  • Teres
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33
Q

Subdivisions of Peritoneal Cavity

A
  • Greater Peritoneal Sac
  • Lesser Peritoneal Sac/Omental Bursa
  • Separated by Lesser, Greater Omentum, connected via epiploic foramen located b/w hepatogastric ligament and liver
34
Q

Peritoneal Pouches

A

Women: Vesicouterine, Rectouterine
Men: Rectovesicle

35
Q

Foregut Viscera

A
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
  • Spleen
  • Duodenum (Prox. 1/2)
36
Q

Midgut Viscera

A
  • Duodenum (Dist. 1/2)
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
  • Cecum
  • Appendix
  • Ascending Colon
  • Transverse Colon (Prox. 2/3)
37
Q

Hindgut Viscera

A
  • Transverse Colon (Dist. 1/3)
  • Descending Colon
  • Sigmoid Colon
  • Rectum
38
Q

Mnemonic for Retroperitoneal Organs

A 
SADPUCKR
S: Suprarenal glands
A: Aorta/IVC [1]
D: Duodenum (2nd, 3rd parts) [2]
P: Pancreas (except tail) [2]
U: Ureters [?]
C: Colon (cecum, ascending, descending) [2]
K: Kidneys [1]
R: Rectum [2]
39
Q

Esophageal Hiatus

A
  • Gap in diaphragm through which the esophagus passes from the thoracic cavity into the abdominal cavity
  • Occurs at level of T10 vertebra
40
Q

Esophogastric junction / Z-line

A
  • Where stratified squamous epithelium of esophagus transitions to simple columnar epithelium of stomach
  • Occurs just above cardial orifice
41
Q

Important Mesenteries

A
  • Mesentery proper (surrounds branches of superior mesenteric vessels)
  • Sigmoid mesocolon (surrounds branches of inferior mesenteric vessels)
  • Transverse mesocolon (surrounds branches of middle colic vessels)
42
Q

Duodenal Divisions

A

1) Superior (transitions from intra- to retroperitoneal)
2) Descending (where bile, pancreatic enzymes enter)
- Transition from foregut to midgut -
3) Inferior (superior mesenteric vessels pass anteriorly)
4) Ascending (suspensory muscle helps suspend, open up connection to jejunum)

43
Q

Surfaces of Liver

A
  • Diaphragmatic (Superior, Anterior, Posterior)

- Visceral (Inferior)

44
Q

Falciform Ligament of Liver

A
  • Connects liver to internal anterior abdominal wall

- Separates right and left lobes of liver

45
Q

Coronary Ligament of Liver

A
  • Anterior and posterior ligaments on the superior aspect of the liver
  • Posterior ligaments derived from lesser omentum
  • Attach liver to inferior aspect of diaphragm
46
Q

Hepatic triangular ligaments

A
  • Right and left
  • Formed from the fusion of the anterior and posterior coronary ligaments
  • Attach the liver to the diaphragm
47
Q

Caval groove

A
  • Groove on the left side of the bare area of the liver (located on the posterior surface) in which the inferior vena cava lies
48
Q

Location, Borders of Quadrate Lobe of Liver

A
  • Located on inferior aspect of liver
  • Lateral (Left): Left lobe, round ligament of the liver
  • Lateral (Right): Gallbladder
  • Posterior: Porta hepatis/portal triad
49
Q

Location, Borders of Caudate Lobe, Process

A
  • Located on Postero-inferior surface of liver
  • Bounded by inferior ivc, ligamentum venosum, porta hepatis
  • Caudate process = stretch of liver b/w entrance of hepatic portal vein and inferior ivc
50
Q

Portal Triad

A
  • Hepatic portal vein
  • Proper hepatic artery
  • Bile duct
51
Q

Blood Flow Through Liver

A

Hepatic portal vein -> sinusoids -> hepatic veins -> inferior vena cava

52
Q

Formation of Bile Duct

A
  • Rt, lt hepatic ducts join to form common hepatic duct

- Cystic duct (gallbladder) joins common hepatic duct to form bile duct which passes post to duodenum

53
Q

Exocrine cells of pancreas, function

A
  • Acinar cells

- Secrete digestive enzymes (pancreatic juice) into pancreatic ducts

54
Q

Formation of major duodenal papilla

A

Union of pancreatic duct, bile duct to form hepatopancreatic ampulla -> sphincter of bile duct in duodenal wall -> major duodenal papilla

55
Q

Pectinate Line of Rectum

A
  • Demarcation between visceral and parietal/somatic tissues
56
Q

Nerves, Lymphatics, Arteries, Veins Above Pectinate Line of Rectum

A

Nerves: Visceral motor (symp, parasymp)
Lymphatics: To int iliac nodes
Arteries: From inf mesenteric
Veins: To portal venous system

57
Q

Nerves, Lymphatics, Arteries, Veins Below Pectinate Line of Rectum

A

Nerves: Somatic motor, sensory
Lymphatics: To sup inguinal nodes
Arteries: From int iliac artery
Veins: To caval venous system

58
Q

Ductus deferens

A
  • Muscular duct that travels from tail of epididymis to ejaculatory duct formed by union with the seminal vesicle
  • Travels in spermatic cord with testicular artery, pampiniform plexus
59
Q

Seminal Glands

A
  • Produce fructose-rich fluid that nourish sperm

- Seminal vesicles join with ductus deferens to form ejaculatory ducts that dive into the prostate gland

60
Q

Trigone

A

Triangle of tissue inside the bladder b/w the two uretal opening and the urethra that when it expands signal the brain of the bladder’s need to empty

61
Q

Parts of the Urethra and Their Location

A
  • Intramural (neck of bladder)
  • Prostatic (prostate)
  • Membranous (between prostate and perineal membrane)
  • Penile/spongy (from root to glans of penis)
62
Q

Prostate

A
  • Produces prostatic fluid, slightly alkaline fluid, and secretes it into the prostatic urethra via the prostatic ducts
  • The ejaculatory ducts also open into the prostatic urethra
63
Q

Bulbourethral glands

A
  • Upon arousal, release mucus-like substance into spongy urethra
  • Located between prostate and perineal membrane lateral to the membranous urethra
64
Q

Layers of Uterine Wall

A
  • Perimetrium
  • Myometrium (super stretchy layer of smooth muscle)
  • Endometrium (heavily vascularized)
65
Q

Parts of Uterus

A
  • Body
    • Fundus
  • Isthmus
  • Cervix
    • Supravaginal part
    • Vaginal part
    • Internal os
    • External os
66
Q

Sections of Uterine Tubes

A
  • Infundibulum
  • Ampulla
  • Isthmus
  • Pars uterina
67
Q

Broad Ligament of the Uterus and Divisions

A
  • Peritoneal covering of female reproductive tract
    • Mesovarium (covering ovary)
    • Mesosalpinx (covering uterine tube)
    • Mesometrium (remainder)
68
Q

Suspensory Ligament

A

Peritoneal fold covering blood vessels supplying ovary

69
Q

Typical Positioning of the Uterus

A
  • Anteverted (referring to long axis of uterus relative to long axis of vagina)
  • Anteflexed (axis of cervix relative to axis of body of uterus)
70
Q

Supports of the Uterus

A
  • Round ligament of the uterus
  • Thickenings of Endopubic fascia
    • Cardinal (transverse cervical) ligament
    • Uterosacral ligament
71
Q

Bulb of the vestibule

A
  • aka clitoral bulbs
  • Erectile tissue that is part of the internal parts of the clitoris deep and lateral to the labia minora
  • Form body, glans of the clitoris
72
Q

Greater Vestibular Glands

A
  • Slightly posterior and to the left and right of the vaginal orifice
  • Secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina
  • Analogous to the male bulbourethral glands
73
Q

Superficial Perineal Pouch (Borders, Contents)

A 
Inferior: Superficial perineal fascia
Superior: Perineal membrane
Posterior: Ischial tuberosity
- Ischicavernosus
- Bulbospongeousus
- Superficial transverse perineal
- Crura of penis/clitoris
- Bulb of penis/vestibular bulbs
- Greater vestibular glands
74
Q

Perineal Body

A
  • Collection of collagen fibers, elastic fibers that serves as anchor for the urogenital triangle
75
Q

Erectile Tissues and Their Origins, Contents

A
  • Corpora cavernosa (derived from crura, contains deep artery of penis)
  • Corpus spongiosum (derived from bulb, contains spongy urethra)
76
Q

Innervation for Erection of Penis

A
  • Smooth muscle in helicine artery must be relaxed

- Para S2-4 via cavernous nerve of prostatic plexus

77
Q

Innervation for Emission of Penis

A
  • Rhythmic contraction of ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts

- Symp L1-2

78
Q

Innervation for Ejaculation of Penis

A
  • Contraction of internal urethral sphincters (Symp L1-2)

- Contraction of bulbospongiosus (perineal br of pudendal nerve S2-4)

79
Q

Innervation of female perineum

A
  • Engorgement of erectile tissues, erection of clitoris, increased vaginal secretions
  • Para via cavernous nerve via uterovaginal plexus S2-4
80
Q

Nerve Blocks in Female Perineum

A
  • Pudendal mostly, if not sufficient, may also have to block ilioinguinal
81
Q

Ischioanal Fossa

A
  • Located on either side of the rectum
  • Filled with fat, cushioning the rectum, allowing its expansion
  • Rt, lt fossae connected posterior to rectum in the deep rectal space
  • Also has anterior recesses that extend into the deep perineal pouch

Unit 2 (8 decks)

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