Anatomic Spaces Flashcards
Costodiaphragmatic Recess
Potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura where the costal pleura reflects back towards the diaphragmatic pleura at the at the inferior tips of the pleural cavities
Divisions of Mediastinum
Superior and Inferior (Sternal angles to T4-5 IV Disc)
Inferior subdivided into
- Anterior (Sternal body to pericardium)
- Middle (Pericardium)
- Posterior (Tracheal bifurcation and pericardium to vertebral column
Contents of Superior Mediastinum
- Aortic arch
- Brachiocephalic artery
- Left common carotid artery
- Left subclavian artery
- Internal thoracic artery
- Esophagus
- Trachea
- Thoracic duct
- Thymus
- Lymph nodes
- Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
- Vagus nerve
- Phrenic nerves
Contents of Anterior Mediastinum
- Thymus
- Lymph nodes
Contents of Middle Mediastinum
- Pericardium
- Heart
- Ascending aorta
- Pulmonary trunk
- Pulmonary arteries
- Superior vena cava
- Pulmonary veins
- Tracheal bifurcation
- Main bronchi
- Lymph nodes
- Left recurrent pharyngeal nerve
- Vagus nerve
- Phrenic nerves
Contents of Posterior Mediastinum
- Descending aorta
- Azygos vein
- Hemiazygos vein
- Esophagus
- Thoracic duct
- Lymph nodes
- Vagus nerve
- Splanchnic nerves
Boundaries of Superior Thoracic Aperture
Posteriorly - T1 vertebra
Laterally - First pair of ribs
Anteriorly - Costal cartilage of first rib, manubrium
Boundaries of Inferior Thoracic Aperture
Posteriorly - T12 vertebra
Laterally - 11th, 12th pair of ribs
Anteriorly - Costal cartilages ribs 7-10, xiphisternal joint
Lines that form abdominal quadrants
Transumbilical plane (L3-4 IV disc), median plane
Contents of Right Upper Quadrant of Abdomen
- Right lobe liver
- Gallbladder
- Pylorus stomach
- Duodenum (parts 1-3)
- Head pancreas
- Right kidney, suprarenal gland
- Right colic flexure
Contents of Left Upper Quadrant of Abdomen
- Left lobe liver
- Spleen
- Stomach
- Jejunum, proximal ileum
- Body, tail pancreas
- Left kidney, suprarenal gland
- Left colic flexure
Contents of Lower Right Quadrant of Abdomen
- Cecum, appendix
- Most of ileum
- Ascending colon
- Right ovary, uterine tube
- Right ureter
- Right spermatic cord
Contents of Left Lower Quadrant of Abdomen
- Descending colon
- Sigmoid colon
- Left ovary, uterine tube
- Left ureter
- Left spermatic cord
Landmarks of Transversalis Fascia/Parietal Peritoneum
- Median umbilical fold (contains urachus)
- Medial umbilical fold (obliterated umbilical arteries)
- Lateral umbilical fold (inf epigastric arteries, veins)
Inguinal Canal (Location, Contents, Sexual Dimorphism)
- Runs superior, parallel to inguinal ligament from deep to superficial inguinal rings
- Contains spermatic cord/round ligament of uterus, blood vessels, lymphatics, ilioignuinal nerve (joins canal medial to deep inguinal ring)
- Wider in males than in females
Deep Inguinal Ring (Location, Composition)
- Directly lateral to inf epigastric artery, vein
- Split in internal oblique aponeurosis
Development of Inguinal Canal: Males
- Developing testes originate extraperitoneally at level of kidneys
- Connected to site of deep inguinal ring by gubernaculum
- Processus vaginalis traverses canal to developing scrotum, brings layers of muscle, fascia from abdominal wall with it
- At 28th week, testes, duct, vessels, nerves cross through canal into scrotum posterior to processus vaginalis, pick up layers from abdominal wall
- Gubernaculum, stalk of processus vaginalis degenerate
- Processus vaginalis becomes tunica vaginalis
Processus Vaginalis
- Developmental peritoneal diverticulum
- Becomes tunica vaginalis
Tunica vaginalis
- Serious sheath of testis, epididymis
- Develops from distal expansion of processus vaginalis
Development of Inguinal Canal: Females
- Developing ovaries originate extraperitoneally at level of kidneys
- Ovaries, uterus connected to each other, site of deep inguinal ring by gubernaculum
- Processus vaginalis traverses canal to developing labia majora, brings layers of muscle, fascia from abdominal wall with it
- Postnatally, connection between ovary, uterus becomes ovarian ligament, connection between uterus and deep inguinal ring becomes round ligament of the uterus
- Round ligament traverses canal, attaches to subcutaneous tissues of labia majora
- Processus vaginalis degenerates
Contents of Spermatic Cord
- Ductus deferens
- Testicular artery
- Pampiniform venous plexus
- Artery of ductus deferens
Borders of Inguinal Canal (Medial Aspect)
Ant: EO aponeurosis
Post: Conjoint tendon (Aponeuroses IO, TA)
Inf: EO aponeurosis + superior pubic ramus
Borders of Inguinal Canal (Lateral Aspect)
Ant: IO aponeurosis
Post: Transversalis fascia
Inf: Sup pubic ramus
Pelvic brim
Defines inferior border of greater pelvis and the pelvic inlet
True Pelvis
From pelvic diaphragm to pelvic brim
Pelvic Sexual Dimorphism (4)
- Wider subpubic angle
- Sacrum tilted more posteriorly
- Wider set ilia
- Larger pelvic outlet
