Pathologies

Question 1

Pneumothorax

Answer 1

• Entry of air into pleural cavity breaks surface tension connecting visceral, parietal pleura
• Lung recoils, no longer expanded by expansion of the plural cavity

Question 2

Cardiac tamponade

Answer 2

Excess fluid fills the pericardial cavity (potential space between parietal, visceral layers of serous pericardium), compresses the heart

Question 3

Cryptorchidism

Answer 3

• Undescended testes
• Often unilateral
• Prevalence ~3%

Question 4

Indirect Inguinal Hernia (Predisposing Factors, Pathway)

Answer 4

• Retention of processus vaginalis (more common in males)
• Origin lateral to inf epigastric vessels
• Intestine, parietal peritoneum get pushed through deep inguinal ring, canal, possibly through to scrotum

Question 5

Direct Inguinal Hernia (Predisposing Factors, Pathway)

Answer 5

• Weakness of ant abdominal wall, especially in region of inguinal triangle
• Origin medial to inf epigastric vessels
• Pushes directly through stretched out abdominal wall, follows medial part of inguinal canal to superficial inguinal ring
• Herniated viscera lies parallel to spermatic cord, covered by parietal peritoneum, not within spermatic cord or its coverings
• Rarely enters scrotum

Question 6

Femoral Hernia

Answer 6

• Loop of intestine pushes through femoral ring
• Bulge presents w/in femoral triangle, inferiolateral to pubic tubercle
• More common in females (wider hips -> larger subinguinal space)

Question 7

Umbilical Hernia

Answer 7

• Protrusion of intestine through umbilicus

- Can be congenital or acquired due to increased intra-abdominal pressure

Question 8

Flow of Ascitic Fluid

Answer 8

• If standing, pelvis and pouches

- If supine, paracolic gutters and hepatorenal recess

Question 9

Flow of Ascitic Fluid

Answer 9

• If standing, pelvis and pouches

- If supine, paracolic gutters and hepatorenal recess

Question 10

Paraesophageal Hiatial Hernia

Answer 10

• Less common hiatial hernia
• Pouch of peritoneum, part of fundus extends superiorly through esophageal hiatus
• Abdominal esophagus, cardia remain in normal position
• No regurgitation of stomach contents

Question 11

Sliding Hiatial Hernia

Answer 11

• More common hiatial hernia
• Abdominal esophagus, cardia, parts of fundus slide superiorly through esophageal hiatus
• Regurgitation of stomach contents because cardia no longer clamped

Question 12

Paraesophageal Hiatial Hernia

Answer 12

• Less common hiatial hernia
• Pouch of peritoneum, part of fundus extends superiorly through esophageal hiatus
• Abdominal esophagus, cardia remain in normal position
• No regurgitation of stomach contents

Question 13

Sliding Hiatial Hernia

Answer 13

• More common hiatial hernia
• Abdominal esophagus, cardia, parts of fundus slide superiorly through esophageal hiatus
• Regurgitation of stomach contents because cardia no longer clamped

Question 14

AP Crush Fracture (Mechanism, Effects)

Answer 14

• Force applied on both ant, post ends of pelvis

- Fracture of all four rami (straddle injury), possibly urethral or bladder rupture

Question 15

AP Crush Fracture (Mechanism, Effects)

Answer 15

• Force applied on both ant, post ends of pelvis

- Fracture of all four rami (straddle injury), possibly urethral or bladder rupture

Question 16

AP Crush Fracture (Mechanism, Effects)

Answer 16

• Force applied on both ant, post ends of pelvis

- Fracture of all four rami (straddle injury), possibly urethral or bladder rupture

Question 17

Benign Prostate Hypertrophy (BPH)

Answer 17

• Hormones cause hypertrophy of the central prostate

- This enlargement can lead to compression of the urethra causing dysurea, naturea, pain