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BIOLOGY: diversity and plants unit one > VIRUSES (lesson three) > Flashcards

VIRUSES (lesson three) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a virus?

A

a small, non-living particle. (they are simple packages of genetic instructions in the form of DNA or RNA

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2
Q

what is a capsule?

A

genetic material surrounded by protein in a virus

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3
Q

true or false: A virus contains a cytoplasm and other organelles

A

false

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4
Q

true or false: viruses don’t grow

A

true

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5
Q

why are viruses not considered alive

A

because they cannot grow or reproduce on their own.

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6
Q

do viruses produce energy?

A

no viruses do not produce or use energy.

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7
Q

true or false: viruses produce waste

A

false

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8
Q

how are viruses classified?

A

they’re classified using the taxonomic classification

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9
Q

what are the two types of Virus Replication?

A
  1. LYTIC CYCLE
  2. and the LYSOGENIC CYCLE
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10
Q

what is the difference between of lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle?

A

The lytic cycle is fast-paced while the lysogenic cycle is a sleeping-paced (slow)

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11
Q

how many stages does the lytic cycle have?

A

4 stages

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12
Q

what are the four stages of the lytic cycle?

A
  1. Attachment/Entry
  2. Synthesis
  3. Assembly
  4. Release
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13
Q

what happens in the first stage of the lytic cycle (attachment/entry)

A

virus recognizes the host cell & spike/attachment proteins on the virus then bind to receptors on the cell’s surface, either the whole virus is then engulfed into the cell OR the DNA/RNA is injected into the cell

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14
Q

what happens in the SECOND stage of the lytic cycle

A

the viral DNA/RNA instructs the cell to produce new virus parts (i.e. new viral DNA & capsids)

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15
Q

what happens in the third stage of the lytic cycle

A

the new virus parts are brought together and assembled into new viruses

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16
Q

what happens in the fourth stage of the lytic cycle

A

new viruses are released from the infected cell (via lysis) and the host cell is bursted and killed

17
Q

what is the lysogenic cycle?

A

In this cycle, the virus goes into a dormant stage (‘sleeping’); this happens when conditions are favorable to do so

18
Q

what is the first step of the lysogenic cycle?

A

The virus injects its DNA/RNA into the host cell but DOES NOT take control of the host cell

19
Q

what is the second step of the lysogenic cycle?

A

the viral DNA becomes part of the cell’s DNA

20
Q

what is the third step of the lysogenic cycle?

A

It is replicated as the cell is replicated (i.e. via mitosis/meiosis) (Therefore, all new daughter cells contain the virus. The host cell is NOT killed via the lysogenic cycle)

21
Q

what is the Rhinovirus?

A
  • Rhinovirus is the most common viral infection
  • This is the cause of the common cold
  • They are among the smallest viruses
22
Q

what is HPV?

A
  • The human papillomavirus is a DNA virus
  • Others are symptomatic including HPV16 and HPV18 which are known to cause around 70% of cervical cancer cases
  • HPV6 and HPV11 can cause genital warts
  • These are the strains that the Gardasil vaccine can protect you against
23
Q

what is Ebola?

A
  • Ebola virus disease or Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a viral fever that can infect humans and other primates
  • Symptoms will include fever, sore throat, muscle pain, headaches, vomiting, diarrhea and rash
  • Eventually, you begin to bleed internally and externally and organs will begin to shut down
  • The virus spreads through contact with body fluids
24
Q

what is HIV?

A
  • The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a viral infection that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
  • AIDS is a progressive condition which leads to the failure of the immune system
  • Without treatment the average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9-11 years
  • HIV is passed through the transfer of bodily fluids including blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate or breast milk
25
Q

what is Smallpox?

A
  • This virus attacks the small blood vessels of the skin and mouth which causes its characteristic rash and blisters
26
Q

treatment of viral infections?

A

Viral infection can only be treated with antiviral medications by preventing the following:
-Attachment/Entry
-Nucleic acid replication
-Virus protein processing
-Virus maturation

27
Q

what do antibiotics work for?

A

only work on infections that are bacterial, do not work for viral infections

28
Q

how can viral infections be prevented

A

Viral infections can be prevented with vaccinations

29
Q

what are the 3 types of vaccinations?

A
  1. Live (infectious) attenuated agents
  2. Inactivated (non-infectious) whole agents
  3. Subunit preparations
30
Q

what do live attenuated agents do

A

weakened or modified microbes so that they are less virulent

31
Q

what do inactivated (non-infectious) whole agents do

A

modified viruses so that they cannot trigger disease

32
Q

what do Subunit preparations do

A

only part of the agent is used to provoke an immune response (protein of the virus or sugar coating of the virus)

33
Q

How do Vaccinations Work

A

To prepare your immune system so that it is ready (has made enough antibodies) to fight when the virus invades the body

34
Q

benefits of viruses

A

-They can be used to lower the number of harmful bacteria
-They can be used in something called gene therapy, where viruses are used to insert specific genes or drugs into targeted cells by using viral capsules

BIOLOGY: diversity and plants unit one (8 decks)

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